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[Axiom-developer] [#10 romberg slowdown] (new)


From: anonymous
Subject: [Axiom-developer] [#10 romberg slowdown] (new)
Date: Mon, 17 Jan 2005 20:56:52 -0600

Vladimir Bondarenko wrote:

> -----------------------
> -- even worse
> -----------------------
> 
> -> romberg(z+->simplify(%i^2), 0, 1, 0.1, 0.1, 10, 12)
> 
>    [value= - 1.0,error= 0.0,totalpts= 2049,success= true]
>    Time: 3.07 (IN) + 2.25 (EV) + 0.18 (OT) + 0.48 (GC) = 5.98 sec
> 
> .........................................................................
> 
> A bloodcurdling guesswork, Does AXIOM each time call simplify/expand ?!
> 
> Or... or what causes this user's nightmare?

I tried the above, 

[snipped]

Function Selection for ^
     Arguments: (COMPLEX INT,PI)

[1]  signature:   (COMPLEX INT,PI) -> COMPLEX INT
     implemented: slot $$(PositiveInteger) from COMPLEX INT
[2]  signature:   (COMPLEX INT,PI) -> COMPLEX INT
     implemented: slot $$(PositiveInteger) from COMPLEX INT

----- This is the cause of the problem: Complex arithmetic

Function Selection for simplify
     Arguments: COMPLEX INT
     Target type: FLOAT

[1]  signature:   EXPR COMPLEX INT -> EXPR COMPLEX INT
     implemented: slot (Expression (Complex (Integer)))(Expression (Complex (In
eger))) from TRMANIP(COMPLEX INT,EXPR COMPLEX INT)

----- The only simplify is from EXPR Complex Integer

Function Selection for map by coercion facility (map)
     Arguments: ((COMPLEX INT -> INT),EXPR COMPLEX INT)
     Target type: EXPR INT

[1]  signature:   ((COMPLEX INT -> INT),EXPR COMPLEX INT) -> EXPR INT
     implemented: slot (Expression (Integer))(Mapping (Integer) (Complex (Integ
r)))(Expression (Complex (Integer))) from EXPR2(COMPLEX INT,INT)

----- which requires the answer to stay in EXPR Complex Integer after 
----- "simplification", which then require ti to be converted

and found that the interpreter printed out 2049 (or thereabout) 

 Function Selection for map by coercion facility (map) 
      Arguments: ((COMPLEX INT -> INT),EXPR COMPLEX INT) 
      Target type: EXPR INT 
 
 [1]  signature:   ((COMPLEX INT -> INT),EXPR COMPLEX INT) -> EXPR INT
      implemented: slot (Expression (Integer))(Mapping (Integer) (Complex
(Integer)))(Expression (Complex (Integer))) from EXPR2(COMPLEX INT,INT)
 
which means that it is applying the map function to evaluate the
z+->simplify(%i^2) function 2049 times. Of course, evaluating is not the
problem, the problem is how the function is evaluated. In Axiom, the appearance
of %i means it has to convert the value to Float because romberg requires the
first argument to be a function: Float -> Float.

To understand what is happening and indeed it is troubling to find out, try the
following:

(3) -> g:Float->Float
                                   Type: Void
(4) -> g(z)==simplify(%i^2)::Float
                                   Type: Void
(5) -> g(5)
   Compiling function g with type Float -> Float

   (5)  - 1.0
                                   Type: Float
(6) -> )time on
(6) -> romberg(g, 0, 1, 0.1, 0.1, 10, 12)

   (6)  [value= - 1.0,error= 0.0,totalpts= 2049,success= true]
   Type: Record(value: Float,error: Float,totalpts: Integer,success: Boolean)
   Time: 2.78 (IN) + 2.18 (EV) + 0.27 (OT) + 0.60 (GC) = 5.83 sec

there is no improvement at all! The interpreter DID use the compiled version of
g but the code reflects faithfully the definition of g, not what it simplifies
to! Notice below, g has been compiled at (5).

(7) -> g(7)

 Function Selection for g
      Arguments: FLOAT

 [1]  signature:   FLOAT -> FLOAT
      implemented: local function *1;g;1;initial


 Function Selection for map by coercion facility (map)
      Arguments: ((COMPLEX INT -> INT),EXPR COMPLEX INT)
      Target type: EXPR INT

 [1]  signature:   ((COMPLEX INT -> INT),EXPR COMPLEX INT) -> EXPR INT
      implemented: slot (Expression (Integer))(Mapping (Integer) (Complex (Integ
er)))(Expression (Complex (Integer))) from EXPR2(COMPLEX INT,INT)


   (7)  - 1.0
                      Type: Float
                      Time: 0.02 (OT) = 0.02 sec

The issue is therefore one of mathematical optimization in the compiler, but
compilers are only built to optimize code, not mathematics.
So the moral is: Do not expect compiler to simplify (mathematically) your code.

Incidentally, timing in Axiom, and also in Maple, may not be very reliable.
Running Maple 5, starting from scratch, I got different timing for below (Maple
may cache values), but the worst time is the simplest code on first run in the
order given:

restart; time(evalf(Int(expand(sqrt(-1)^2), z=0..1)));
> 

                                 .015

> restart; time(evalf(Int((sqrt(-1)^2), z=0..1)));
> 

                                 .016

> restart; time(evalf(Int(simplify(expand(sqrt(-1)^2)), z=0..1)));
> 

                                 .015

> restart; time(evalf(Int(expand(simplify(sqrt(-1)^2)), z=0..1)));

                                 .016

> restart; time(evalf(Int(1, z=0..1)));

                                 .032

When the last command is repeated, time becomes .016.

In Mathematica, there are two ways to define a function: Set and SetDelayed and
SetDelayed will also exhibit a big penalty:

Set[g[z_], Simplify[I^2]];
SetDelayed[h[z_], Simplify[I^2]];
Timing[Table[g[z],{z,1,10000}];]
   {0.04 Second, Null}
Timing[Table[h[z],{z,1,10000}];]
   {0.55 Second, Null}

I think there is no equivalent to Set in Axiom. So the more you try to coax
Axiom to "simplify", the worse it becomes:

(8) -> g(z) == eval(simplify(%i^2)::Float)

   Compiled code for g has been cleared.
   1 old definition(s) deleted for function or rule g

                         Type: Void
(9) -> g(5)

   Compiling function g with type Float -> Float

   (9)  - 1.0
                         Type: Float
                                       

(10) -> romberg(z+->g(z), 0, 1, 0.1, 0.1, 10, 12)

   (10)  [value= - 1.0,error= 0.0,totalpts= 2049,success= true]
   Type: Record(value: Float,error: Float,totalpts: Integer,success: Boolean)
   Time: 3.08 (IN) + 2.87 (EV) + 0.28 (OT) + 0.35 (GC) = 6.58 sec

The only way I found that can simulate Set is to do this in two steps (and you
must include the coercion to Float):

(19) -> a:= simplify(%i^2)::Float

(20) -> g(z)==a

(21) -> romberg(g, 0, 1, 0.1, 0.1, 10, 12)

   Time: 0.03 (EV) + 0.03 (OT) = 0.07 sec


William




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