Index: basic.texi
===================================================================
RCS file: /sources/emacs/emacs/man/basic.texi,v
retrieving revision 1.63
diff -c -r1.63 basic.texi
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--- basic.texi	25 May 2006 19:37:38 -0000
***************
*** 7,34 ****
  
  @kindex C-h t
  @findex help-with-tutorial
!   We now give the basics of how to enter text, make corrections, and
! save the text in a file.  If this material is new to you, you might
! learn it more easily by running the Emacs learn-by-doing tutorial.  To
! use the tutorial, run Emacs and type @kbd{Control-h t}
  (@code{help-with-tutorial}).
  
!   To clear the screen and redisplay, type @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}).
  
  @menu
  
  * Inserting Text::      Inserting text by simply typing it.
! * Moving Point::        How to move the cursor to the place where you want to
  			  change something.
  * Erasing::	        Deleting and killing text.
  * Basic Undo::	        Undoing recent changes in the text.
  * Files: Basic Files.   Visiting, creating, and saving files.
  * Help: Basic Help.     Asking what a character does.
! * Blank Lines::	        Commands to make or delete blank lines.
! * Continuation Lines::  Lines too wide for the screen.
! * Position Info::       What page, line, row, or column is point on?
! * Arguments::	        Numeric arguments for repeating a command.
! * Repeating::           A short-cut for repeating the previous command.
  @end menu
  
  @node Inserting Text
--- 7,34 ----
  
  @kindex C-h t
  @findex help-with-tutorial
!   Here you will learn to enter text, make corrections to it, and save
! the result in a file.  If this material or the terms are new to you,
! you should run the Emacs learn-by-doing tutorial by typing
! @kbd{Control-h t} inside Emacs.
  (@code{help-with-tutorial}).
  
!   To clear and redisplay the screen, type @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}).
  
  @menu
  
  * Inserting Text::      Inserting text by simply typing it.
! * Moving Point::        Moving the cursor gets you where you want to
  			  change something.
  * Erasing::	        Deleting and killing text.
  * Basic Undo::	        Undoing recent changes in the text.
  * Files: Basic Files.   Visiting, creating, and saving files.
  * Help: Basic Help.     Asking what a character does.
! * Blank Lines::	        Making and deleting blank lines.
! * Continuation Lines::  Indicating lines too wide for the screen.
! * Position Info::       What page, line, row, and column is point on?
! * Arguments::	        Repeating a command N times.
! * Repeating::           Repeating the previous command quickly.
  @end menu
  
  @node Inserting Text
***************
*** 36,101 ****
  
  @cindex insertion
  @cindex graphic characters
!   To insert printing characters into the text you are editing, just type
! them.  This inserts the characters you type into the buffer at the
! cursor (that is, at @dfn{point}; @pxref{Point}).  The cursor moves
! forward, and any text after the cursor moves forward too.  If the text
! in the buffer is @samp{FOOBAR}, with the cursor before the @samp{B},
! then if you type @kbd{XX}, you get @samp{FOOXXBAR}, with the cursor
! still before the @samp{B}.
! 
!    To @dfn{delete} text you have just inserted, use the large key
! labeled @key{DEL}, @key{BACKSPACE} or @key{DELETE} which is a short
! distance above the @key{RET} or @key{ENTER} key.  This is the key you
! normally use, outside Emacs, for erasing the last character that you
! typed.  Regardless of the label on that key, Emacs thinks of it as
! @key{DEL}, and that's what we call it in this manual.
  
    The @key{DEL} key deletes the character @emph{before} the cursor.
  As a consequence, the cursor and all the characters after it move
! backwards.  If you type a printing character and then type @key{DEL},
! they cancel out.
  
!   On most computers, Emacs recognizes automatically which key ought to
! be @key{DEL}, and sets it up that way.  But in some cases, especially
! with text-only terminals, you will need to tell Emacs which key to use
! for that purpose.  If the large key not far above the @key{RET} or
! @key{ENTER} key doesn't delete backwards, you need to do this.
! @xref{DEL Does Not Delete}, for an explanation of how.
! 
!   Most PC keyboards have both a @key{BACKSPACE} key not far above
! @key{RET} or @key{ENTER}, and a @key{DELETE} key elsewhere.  On these
! keyboards, Emacs supports when possible the usual convention that the
! @key{BACKSPACE} key deletes backwards (it is @key{DEL}), while the
! @key{DELETE} key deletes ``forwards,'' deleting the character after
! point, the one underneath the cursor, like @kbd{C-d} (see below).
  
  @kindex RET
  @cindex newline
!    To end a line and start typing a new one, type @key{RET}.  This
! inserts a newline character in the buffer.  If point is in the middle of
! a line, the effect is to split the line.  Typing @key{DEL} when the cursor is
! at the beginning of a line deletes the preceding newline, thus joining
! the line with the preceding line.
! 
!   Emacs can split lines automatically when they become too long, if you
! turn on a special minor mode called @dfn{Auto Fill} mode.
! @xref{Filling}, for how to use Auto Fill mode and other modes for
! @dfn{filling} text.
! 
!   If you prefer to have text characters replace (overwrite) existing
! text rather than shove it to the right, you can enable Overwrite mode,
! a minor mode.  @xref{Minor Modes}.
  
  @cindex quoting
  @kindex C-q
  @findex quoted-insert
!   Direct insertion works for printing characters and @key{SPC}, but other
! characters act as editing commands and do not insert themselves.  If you
! need to insert a control character or a character whose code is above 200
! octal, you must @dfn{quote} it by typing the character @kbd{Control-q}
! (@code{quoted-insert}) first.  (This character's name is normally written
! @kbd{C-q} for short.)  There are two ways to use @kbd{C-q}:@refill
  
  @itemize @bullet
  @item
--- 36,102 ----
  
  @cindex insertion
  @cindex graphic characters
!   Type printing characters (letters or numbers, for example) to insert
! them in text.  The characters you type come into the buffer at the
! cursor.  In Emacs, the cursor location is known as the @dfn{point}
! (this is not exactly true, but is helpful if you are not used to
! Emacs); @pxref{Point}.  The cursor moves forward and pushes any
! following text forward as well.  For example, if the text shown is
! @samp{FOOBAR}, with the cursor before the @samp{B}, then when you type
! @kbd{XX}, you'll see @samp{FOOXXBAR}, and the cursor (and point) still
! before the @samp{B}.
! 
!    To @dfn{delete} text, use the key labeled @key{DEL},
! @key{BACKSPACE} or @key{DELETE} which is usually just above the
! @key{RET} or @key{ENTER} key.  Regardless of the label on that key,
! Emacs thinks of it as @key{DEL}, and that's what this manual will use.
! @key{DEL} is the key you normally use outside Emacs as well to erase
! the last character you typed.
  
    The @key{DEL} key deletes the character @emph{before} the cursor.
  As a consequence, the cursor and all the characters after it move
! backwards.  If you type a letter and then type @key{DEL}, it's gone.
  
!   On most computers, Emacs sets up @key{DEL} automatically.
! Sometimes, especially on text-only terminals, Emacs may guess wrong.
! If the large key above the @key{RET} or @key{ENTER} key doesn't delete
! backwards, @xref{DEL Does Not Delete}.
! 
!   Most PC keyboards have a @key{BACKSPACE} key above @key{RET} or
! @key{ENTER} and a @key{DELETE} key elsewhere.  Emacs tries to set keys
! up so that the @key{BACKSPACE} key deletes backwards (it is the
! @key{DEL} key in this manual).  In those cases, the @key{DELETE} key
! deletes ``forwards,'' which means the character underneath the cursor
! (after point), similar to the effect of @kbd{C-d} (see below).
  
  @kindex RET
  @cindex newline
!    To end a line and start typing a new one, type @key{RET} (this key
! may be labeled @key{RETURN} or @key{ENTER}, but Emacs always calls it
! @key{RET}).  This inserts a newline character in the buffer, which
! usually makes a new visual line.  If point (the cursor) is in the
! middle of a line, the line is split.  @key{DEL} when at the beginning
! of a line deletes the preceding newline character, visually joining
! the line with the one before it.
! 
!   Emacs splits long lines automatically if you turn on a special minor
! mode called @dfn{Auto Fill} mode.  @xref{Filling}, to learn about Auto
! Fill mode and other modes for @dfn{filling} text.
! 
!   Typing can replace (overwrite) existing text rather than push it to
! the right, if Overwrite mode, a minor mode, is enabled.  @xref{Minor
! Modes}.
  
  @cindex quoting
  @kindex C-q
  @findex quoted-insert
!   Printing characters and @key{SPC} are inserted as you type, but some
! other characters act as editing commands and do not insert themselves,
! or have a code above 200 octal.  If you need to insert such a
! character, you must @dfn{quote} it by typing the character
! @kbd{Control-q} (@code{quoted-insert}) first.  (This character's name
! is normally written @kbd{C-q} for short.)  There are two ways to use
! @kbd{C-q}:@refill
  
  @itemize @bullet
  @item
***************
*** 131,146 ****
  10, some letters starting with @kbd{a} serve as part of a character
  code, just like digits.
  
! A numeric argument to @kbd{C-q} specifies how many copies of the
! quoted character should be inserted (@pxref{Arguments}).
  
  @findex newline
  @findex self-insert
    Customization information: @key{DEL} in most modes runs the command
! @code{delete-backward-char}; @key{RET} runs the command @code{newline}, and
! self-inserting printing characters run the command @code{self-insert},
! which inserts whatever character was typed to invoke it.  Some major modes
! rebind @key{DEL} to other commands.
  
  @node Moving Point
  @section Changing the Location of Point
--- 132,147 ----
  10, some letters starting with @kbd{a} serve as part of a character
  code, just like digits.
  
! A numeric argument tells @kbd{C-q} how many copies of the quoted
! character to insert (@pxref{Arguments}).
  
  @findex newline
  @findex self-insert
    Customization information: @key{DEL} in most modes runs the command
! @code{delete-backward-char}; @key{RET} runs the command
! @code{newline}, and self-inserting printing characters run the command
! @code{self-insert}, which inserts the original character that invoked
! it.  Some major modes rebind @key{DEL} to other commands.
  
  @node Moving Point
  @section Changing the Location of Point
***************
*** 199,219 ****
  @item M-b
  Move backward one word (@code{backward-word}).
  @item C-n
! Move down one line, vertically (@code{next-line}).  This command
  attempts to keep the horizontal position unchanged, so if you start in
! the middle of one line, you end in the middle of the next.  The
  down-arrow key does the same thing.
  @item C-p
  Move up one line, vertically (@code{previous-line}).  The up-arrow key
! has the same effect.
  @item M-r
! Move point to left margin, vertically centered in the window
! (@code{move-to-window-line}).  Text does not move on the screen.
! 
! A numeric argument says which screen line to place point on.  It counts
! screen lines down from the top of the window (zero for the top line).  A
! negative argument counts lines from the bottom (@minus{}1 for the bottom
! line).
  @item M-<
  Move to the top of the buffer (@code{beginning-of-buffer}).  With
  numeric argument @var{n}, move to @var{n}/10 of the way from the top.
--- 200,219 ----
  @item M-b
  Move backward one word (@code{backward-word}).
  @item C-n
! Move down one line vertically (@code{next-line}).  This command
  attempts to keep the horizontal position unchanged, so if you start in
! the middle of one line, you stay in the middle of the next.  The
  down-arrow key does the same thing.
  @item C-p
  Move up one line, vertically (@code{previous-line}).  The up-arrow key
! has the same effect.  This command attempts to preserve position line
! @code{next-line}.
  @item M-r
! Move point all the way left, vertically centered in the window
! (@code{move-to-window-line}).  Text does not move on the screen.  A
! numeric argument says which screen line to place point on, counting
! down from the top of the window (zero is the top line).  A negative
! argument counts lines from the bottom (@minus{}1 is the bottom line).
  @item M-<
  Move to the top of the buffer (@code{beginning-of-buffer}).  With
  numeric argument @var{n}, move to @var{n}/10 of the way from the top.
***************
*** 228,234 ****
  point, but it is commonly used to do so.  If your keyboard has a
  @key{PAGEDOWN} or @key{PRIOR} key, it does the same thing.
  
! Scrolling commands are further described in @ref{Scrolling}.
  @item M-v
  @itemx @key{PAGEUP}
  @itemx @key{NEXT}
--- 228,234 ----
  point, but it is commonly used to do so.  If your keyboard has a
  @key{PAGEDOWN} or @key{PRIOR} key, it does the same thing.
  
! Scrolling commands are described further in @ref{Scrolling}.
  @item M-v
  @itemx @key{PAGEUP}
  @itemx @key{NEXT}
***************
*** 244,262 ****
  @itemx M-x goto-line
  Read a number @var{n} and move point to the beginning of line number
  @var{n}.  Line 1 is the beginning of the buffer.  If point is on or
! just after a number, then that is the default for @var{n}, if you just
! press @key{RET} with an empty minibuffer.
  @item C-x C-n
  @findex set-goal-column
  @kindex C-x C-n
! Use the current column of point as the @dfn{semipermanent goal column} for
! @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} (@code{set-goal-column}).  Henceforth, those
! commands always move to this column in each line moved into, or as
! close as possible given the contents of the line.  This goal column remains
! in effect until canceled.
  @item C-u C-x C-n
! Cancel the goal column.  Henceforth, @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} once
! again try to stick to a fixed horizontal position, as usual.
  @end table
  
  @vindex track-eol
--- 244,262 ----
  @itemx M-x goto-line
  Read a number @var{n} and move point to the beginning of line number
  @var{n}.  Line 1 is the beginning of the buffer.  If point is on or
! just after a number and you press @key{RET} without typing, that
! number will be used for @var{n}.
  @item C-x C-n
  @findex set-goal-column
  @kindex C-x C-n
! Use the current column of point as the @dfn{semipermanent goal column}
! for @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} (@code{set-goal-column}).  Henceforth,
! those commands always try to move to this column or as close as
! possible to it after moving vertically.  The goal column remains in
! effect until canceled.
  @item C-u C-x C-n
! Cancel the goal column.  Henceforth, @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} will try
! to preserve the horizontal position when moving vertically, as usual.
  @end table
  
  @vindex track-eol
***************
*** 267,276 ****
  
  @vindex next-line-add-newlines
    @kbd{C-n} normally stops at the end of the buffer when you use it on
! the last line of the buffer.  But if you set the variable
! @code{next-line-add-newlines} to a address@hidden value, @kbd{C-n} on
! the last line of a buffer creates an additional line at the end and
! moves down onto it.
  
  @node Erasing
  @section Erasing Text
--- 267,275 ----
  
  @vindex next-line-add-newlines
    @kbd{C-n} normally stops at the end of the buffer when you use it on
! the last line of the buffer.  If you set the variable
! @code{next-line-add-newlines} to a address@hidden value, @kbd{C-n} at
! the end of the buffer creates an additional line and moves down to it.
  
  @node Erasing
  @section Erasing Text
***************
*** 299,314 ****
  @cindex deleting characters and lines
  @cindex erasing characters and lines
    You already know about the @key{DEL} key which deletes the character
! before point (that is, before the cursor).  Another key, @kbd{Control-d}
! (@kbd{C-d} for short), deletes the character after point (that is, the
! character that the cursor is on).  This shifts the rest of the text on
! the line to the left.  If you type @kbd{C-d} at the end of a line, it
! joins together that line and the next line.
! 
!   To erase a larger amount of text, use the @kbd{C-k} key, which kills a
! line at a time.  If you type @kbd{C-k} at the beginning or middle of a
! line, it kills all the text up to the end of the line.  If you type
! @kbd{C-k} at the end of a line, it joins that line and the next line.
  
    @xref{Killing}, for more flexible ways of killing text.
  
--- 298,314 ----
  @cindex deleting characters and lines
  @cindex erasing characters and lines
    You already know about the @key{DEL} key which deletes the character
! before point (that is, before the cursor).  Another key,
! @kbd{Control-d} (@kbd{C-d} for short), deletes the character after
! point (that is, the character that the cursor is on).  This shifts the
! rest of the text on the line left.  If you type @kbd{C-d} at the end
! of a line, it joins it together with the next one.
! 
!   To erase larger amounts of text, use the @kbd{C-k} key, which erases
! (kills) a line at a time.  If you type @kbd{C-k} at the beginning or
! middle of a line, it kills all the text up to the end of the line.  If
! you type @kbd{C-k} at the end of a line, it joins it with the next
! one.
  
    @xref{Killing}, for more flexible ways of killing text.
  
***************
*** 316,325 ****
  @section Undoing Changes
  
    Emacs records a list of changes made in the buffer text, so you can
! you can undo all the recent changes, as far as the records go.
! Usually each editing command makes a separate entry in the undo
! records, but sometimes an entry covers just part of a command, and
! very simple commands may be grouped.
  
  @table @kbd
  @item C-x u
--- 316,325 ----
  @section Undoing Changes
  
    Emacs records a list of changes made in the buffer text, so you can
! undo recent changes, as far as the records go.  Usually each editing
! command makes a separate entry in the undo records, but sometimes an
! entry covers just part of a command, and very simple commands may be
! grouped.
  
  @table @kbd
  @item C-x u
***************
*** 330,410 ****
  The same.
  @end table
  
!   The command @kbd{C-x u} (or @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-/}) is how you undo.
! The first time you give this command, it undoes the last change.
! Point moves back to where it was before the command that made the
! change.
! 
!   Consecutive repetitions of @kbd{C-x u} (or its aliases) undo earlier
! and earlier changes, back to the limit of the undo information
! available.  If all recorded changes have already been undone, the undo
! command displays an error message and does nothing.
  
    The undo command applies only to changes in the buffer; you can't
! use it to undo mere cursor motion.  However, some cursor motion
! commands set the mark, so if you use these commands from time to time,
! you can move back to the neighborhoods you have moved through by
! popping the mark ring (@pxref{Mark Ring}).
  
  @node Basic Files
  @section Files
  
!   The commands described above are sufficient for creating and altering
! text in an Emacs buffer; the more advanced Emacs commands just make
! things easier.  However, to keep any text permanently you must put it in a
! @dfn{file}.  Files are named units of text which are stored by the
! operating system for you to retrieve later by name.  To look at or use
! the contents of a file in any way, including editing the file with
! Emacs, you must specify the file name.
  
!   Consider a file named @file{test.emacs}.  (We can assume it is in
! your home directory.)  In Emacs, to begin editing this file, type
  
  @example
  C-x C-f test.emacs @key{RET}
  @end example
  
  @noindent
! Here the file name is given as an @dfn{argument} to the command @kbd{C-x
! C-f} (@code{find-file}).  That command uses the @dfn{minibuffer} to
! read the argument, and you type @key{RET} to terminate the argument
! (@pxref{Minibuffer})address@hidden
! 
!   Emacs obeys the command by @dfn{visiting} the file: creating a buffer,
! copying the contents of the file into the buffer, and then displaying
! the buffer for you to edit.  If you alter the text, you can @dfn{save}
! the new text in the file by typing @kbd{C-x C-s} (@code{save-buffer}).
! This makes the changes permanent by copying the altered buffer contents
! back into the file @file{test.emacs}.  Until you save, the changes
! exist only inside Emacs, and the file @file{test.emacs} is unaltered.
! 
!   To create a file, just visit the file with @kbd{C-x C-f} as if it
! already existed.  This creates an empty buffer in which you can insert
! the text you want to put in the file.  The file is actually created when
! you save this buffer with @kbd{C-x C-s}.
  
!   Of course, there is a lot more to learn about using files.  @xref{Files}.
  
  @node Basic Help
  @section Help
  
  @cindex getting help with keys
!   If you forget what a key does, you can find out with the Help
! character, which is @kbd{C-h} (or @key{F1}, which is an alias for
! @kbd{C-h}).  Type @kbd{C-h k} followed by the key you want to know
! about; for example, @kbd{C-h k C-n} tells you all about what @kbd{C-n}
! does.  @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key; @kbd{C-h k} is just one of its
! subcommands (the command @code{describe-key}).  The other subcommands of
! @kbd{C-h} provide different kinds of help.  Type @kbd{C-h} twice to get
! a description of all the help facilities.  @address@hidden
  
  @node Blank Lines
  @section Blank Lines
  
  @cindex inserting blank lines
  @cindex deleting blank lines
!   Here are special commands and techniques for putting in and taking out
! blank lines.
  
  @table @kbd
  @item C-o
--- 330,405 ----
  The same.
  @end table
  
!   The command @kbd{C-x u} (or @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-/}) lets you undo.
! The first time it's used, it undoes the last change.  Point moves to
! where it was before that change.
! 
!   Repeating @kbd{C-x u} (or its aliases) undoes earlier and earlier
! changes, back as far as possible.  If all the recorded changes have
! already been undone, the undo command displays an error message and
! does nothing.
  
    The undo command applies only to changes in the buffer; you can't
! use it to undo just the cursor motion.  Some cursor motion commands
! set the mark, however, so you can move back to where they were used
! using the mark ring (@pxref{Mark Ring}).
  
  @node Basic Files
  @section Files
  
!   To keep any text permanently you must put it in a @dfn{file}.  To
! Emacs, files are units of text which are stored and retrieved by name.
! Thus, to examine or use a file in any way with Emacs you must specify
! the file name first.
  
!   Say we have a file named @file{test.emacs} in your home directory.
! To begin editing this file, type
  
  @example
  C-x C-f test.emacs @key{RET}
  @end example
  
  @noindent
! Here the file name is required as an @dfn{argument} by the command
! @kbd{C-x C-f} (@code{find-file}).  That command uses the
! @dfn{minibuffer} to read the argument.  Type @key{RET} to terminate
! the argument (@pxref{Minibuffer})address@hidden
! 
!   Emacs then @dfn{visits} the file: it creates a buffer, copies the
! contents of the file into that buffer, and then displays the buffer
! for editing.  If you alter the text, you can @dfn{save} it back in the
! file with @kbd{C-x C-s} (@code{save-buffer}).  Emacs then copies the
! altered buffer contents back into the file @file{test.emacs}---a
! permanent change.  Until you save, the changed text exists only inside
! Emacs, and the file @file{test.emacs} has the original text.
! 
!   To create a file, visit it with @kbd{C-x C-f} as if it already
! existed.  Emacs will create an empty buffer.  The file with the text
! from that buffer is not created until you first save this buffer with
! @kbd{C-x C-s}.
  
!   Emacs can do much more with files.  @xref{Files}.
  
  @node Basic Help
  @section Help
  
  @cindex getting help with keys
!   If you forget what a key does, you can check with the Help
! character, which is @kbd{C-h} (or @key{F1}, aliased to @kbd{C-h}).
! Type @kbd{C-h k} followed by the key of interest. For example,
! @kbd{C-h k C-n} tells you what @kbd{C-n} does.  @kbd{C-h} is a prefix
! key; @kbd{C-h k} is just one of its subcommands (the command
! @code{describe-key}).  The other subcommands of @kbd{C-h} provide
! different kinds of help.  Type @kbd{C-h} twice to get a description of
! all the help facilities.  @address@hidden
  
  @node Blank Lines
  @section Blank Lines
  
  @cindex inserting blank lines
  @cindex deleting blank lines
!   These commands and techniques help with the insertion and deletion
! of blank lines.  A blank line contains no text.
  
  @table @kbd
  @item C-o
***************
*** 419,445 ****
  @cindex blank lines
  @findex open-line
  @findex delete-blank-lines
!   When you want to insert a new line of text before an existing line, you
! can do it by typing the new line of text, followed by @key{RET}.
! However, it may be easier to see what you are doing if you first make a
! blank line and then insert the desired text into it.  This is easy to do
! using the key @kbd{C-o} (@code{open-line}), which inserts a newline
! after point but leaves point in front of the newline.  After @kbd{C-o},
! type the text for the new line.  @kbd{C-o F O O} has the same effect as
! @address@hidden O O @key{RET}}}, except for the final location of point.
! 
!   You can make several blank lines by typing @kbd{C-o} several times, or
! by giving it a numeric argument to tell it how many blank lines to make.
! @xref{Arguments}, for how.  If you have a fill prefix, the @kbd{C-o}
! command inserts the fill prefix on the new line, when you use it at the
  beginning of a line.  @xref{Fill Prefix}.
  
!   The easy way to get rid of extra blank lines is with the command
! @kbd{C-x C-o} (@code{delete-blank-lines}).  @kbd{C-x C-o} in a run of
! several blank lines deletes all but one of them.  @kbd{C-x C-o} on a
! solitary blank line deletes that blank line.  When point is on a
! nonblank line, @kbd{C-x C-o} deletes any blank lines following that
! nonblank line.
  
  @node Continuation Lines
  @section Continuation Lines
--- 414,439 ----
  @cindex blank lines
  @findex open-line
  @findex delete-blank-lines
!   To insert a new line of text before an existing line, type the new
! line of text, followed by @key{RET}.  It may be easier to first make a
! blank line and then insert text into it, so you can see the new text
! alone.  This is easy to do using @kbd{C-o} (@code{open-line}), which
! inserts a newline after point but leaves point in front of the
! newline.  After @kbd{C-o}, type the text for the new line.  @kbd{C-o F
! O O} has the same effect as @address@hidden O O @key{RET}}}, except for the
! final location of point.
! 
!   Make multiple blank lines by typing @kbd{C-o} several times, or with
! a numeric argument specifying the number of blank lines desired.
! @xref{Arguments}, for more.  If you have a fill prefix, the @kbd{C-o}
! command inserts the fill prefix on the new line, if you used it at the
  beginning of a line.  @xref{Fill Prefix}.
  
!   Get rid of extra blank lines easily with @kbd{C-x C-o}
! (@code{delete-blank-lines}).  @kbd{C-x C-o} in a run of several blank
! lines deletes all but one.  @kbd{C-x C-o} on a lone blank line deletes
! it.  When point is on a nonblank line, @kbd{C-x C-o} deletes any
! subsequent blank lines.
  
  @node Continuation Lines
  @section Continuation Lines
***************
*** 448,502 ****
  @cindex wrapping
  @cindex line wrapping
  @cindex fringes, and continuation lines
!   If you add too many characters to one line without breaking it with
! @key{RET}, the line grows to occupy two (or more) lines on the screen.
! On graphical displays, Emacs indicates line wrapping with small bent
! arrows in the fringes to the left and right of the window.  On
! text-only terminals, Emacs displays a @samp{\} character at the right
! margin of a screen line if it is not the last in its text line.  This
! @samp{\} character says that the following screen line is not really a
! distinct line in the text, just a @dfn{continuation} of a line too
! long to fit the screen.  Continuation is also called @dfn{line
! wrapping}.
  
!   When line wrapping occurs before a character that is wider than one
  column, some columns at the end of the previous screen line may be
! ``empty.''  In this case, Emacs displays additional @samp{\}
! characters in the ``empty'' columns, just before the @samp{\}
! character that indicates continuation.
! 
!   Continued lines can be rather difficult to read, since each line is
! typically broken in the middle of a word.  You can have Emacs insert a
! newline automatically when a line gets too long, by using Auto Fill
! mode.  Another approach, intermediate between continued lines and Auto
! Fill mode, is Long Lines mode, which ensures that wrapping only occurs
! in the spaces between words.  @xref{Filling}.
  
  @cindex truncation
  @cindex line truncation, and fringes
!   Emacs can also display long lines by @dfn{truncation}.  This means
! that all the characters that do not fit in the width of the screen or
! window do not appear at all.  @samp{$} in the last column or a small
! straight arrow in the fringe to the right of the window indicates a
! truncated line.
  
!   @xref{Display Custom}, for more information about line truncation,
! and other variables that affect how text is displayed.
  
  @node Position Info
  @section Cursor Position Information
  
!   Here are commands to get information about the size and position of
! parts of the buffer, and to count lines.
  
  @table @kbd
  @item M-x what-page
! Display the page number of point, and the line number within the page.
  @item M-x what-line
! Display the line number of point in the buffer.
  @item M-x line-number-mode
  @itemx M-x column-number-mode
! Toggle automatic display of current line number or column number.
  @xref{Optional Mode Line}.
  @item M-=
  Display the number of lines in the current region (@code{count-lines-region}).
--- 442,493 ----
  @cindex wrapping
  @cindex line wrapping
  @cindex fringes, and continuation lines
!   When a text line has too much text to fit in one visual line, it
! needs to occupy two or more visual (``screen'') lines.  On graphical
! displays, Emacs indicates that with small bent arrows in the left and
! right fringes of the window.  On text-only terminals, Emacs displays a
! @samp{\} character at the right margin of a screen line if it is not
! the last in its text line.  This @samp{\} character says that the
! following screen line is not a new text line, but a @dfn{continuation}
! of a text line too long to fit the screen.  Continuation is also called
! @dfn{line wrapping}.
  
!   If a text line is wrapped before a character that is wider than one
  column, some columns at the end of the previous screen line may be
! ``empty.''  When that happens, Emacs displays additional @samp{\}
! characters in the ``empty'' columns before the @samp{\} character that
! indicates continuation.
! 
!   Continued lines can be difficult to read, since lines can break in
! the middle of a word.  Turn on Auto Fill mode if you want Emacs to
! insert a newline automatically when a line gets too long.  Also
! consider Long Lines mode, a compromise between continued lines and
! Auto Fill mode, which wraps only between words.  @xref{Filling}.
  
  @cindex truncation
  @cindex line truncation, and fringes
!   Emacs can @dfn{truncate} long lines---all the characters that do not
! fit inside the screen do not appear at all.  @samp{$} in the last
! column or a small straight arrow in the window's right fringe
! indicate a truncated line.
  
!   @xref{Display Custom}, for more about line truncation
! and other variables that affect text display.
  
  @node Position Info
  @section Cursor Position Information
  
!   These commands show the size and position of parts of the buffer and
! count lines.
  
  @table @kbd
  @item M-x what-page
! Display the page number of point, and the line number within that page.
  @item M-x what-line
! Display the line number of point in the whole buffer.
  @item M-x line-number-mode
  @itemx M-x column-number-mode
! Toggle automatic display of the current line number or column number.
  @xref{Optional Mode Line}.
  @item M-=
  Display the number of lines in the current region (@code{count-lines-region}).
***************
*** 518,580 ****
  @cindex location of point
  @cindex cursor location
  @cindex point location
!   @kbd{M-x what-line} computes the current line number and displays it
! in the echo area.  You can also see the current line number in the
! mode line; see @ref{Mode Line}.  If you narrow the buffer, then the
! line number in the mode line is relative to the accessible portion
! (@pxref{Narrowing}).  By contrast, @code{what-line} shows both the
! line number relative to the narrowed region and the line number
! relative to the whole buffer.
! 
!   @kbd{M-x what-page} counts pages from the beginning of the file, and
! counts lines within the page, showing both numbers in the echo area.
! @xref{Pages}.
  
  @kindex M-=
  @findex count-lines-region
!   While on this subject, we might as well mention @kbd{M-=} (@code{count-lines-region}),
! which displays the number of lines in the region (@pxref{Mark}).
! @xref{Pages}, for the command @kbd{C-x l} which counts the lines in the
! current page.
  
  @kindex C-x =
  @findex what-cursor-position
!   The command @kbd{C-x =} (@code{what-cursor-position}) shows what
! column the cursor is in, and other miscellaneous information about
! point and the character after it.  It displays a line in the echo area
! that looks like this:
  
  @smallexample
  Char: c (99, #o143, #x63) point=28062 of 36168 (78%) column=53
  @end smallexample
  
!   The four values after @samp{Char:} describe the character that follows
! point, first by showing it and then by giving its character code in
! decimal, octal and hex.  For a address@hidden multibyte character, these are
! followed by @samp{file} and the character's representation, in hex, in
! the buffer's coding system, if that coding system encodes the character
! safely and with a single byte (@pxref{Coding Systems}).  If the
! character's encoding is longer than one byte, Emacs shows @samp{file ...}.
! 
!   However, if the character displayed is in the range 0200 through
! 0377 octal, it may actually stand for an invalid UTF-8 byte read from
! a file.  In Emacs, that byte is represented as a sequence of 8-bit
! characters, but all of them together display as the original invalid
! byte, in octal code.  In this case, @kbd{C-x =} shows @samp{part of
! display ...} instead of @samp{file}.
! 
!   @samp{point=} is followed by the position of point expressed as a character
! count.  The front of the buffer counts as position 1, one character later
! as 2, and so on.  The next, larger, number is the total number of characters
! in the buffer.  Afterward in parentheses comes the position expressed as a
! percentage of the total size.
  
    @samp{column=} is followed by the horizontal position of point, in
  columns from the left edge of the window.
  
    If the buffer has been narrowed, making some of the text at the
  beginning and the end temporarily inaccessible, @kbd{C-x =} displays
! additional text describing the currently accessible range.  For example, it
  might display this:
  
  @smallexample
--- 509,569 ----
  @cindex location of point
  @cindex cursor location
  @cindex point location
!   @kbd{M-x what-line} displays the current line number.  You can also
! always see the current line number in the mode line; see @ref{Mode
! Line}, but note that if you narrow the buffer, the line number in the
! mode line is relative to the accessible portion (@pxref{Narrowing}).
! By contrast, @code{what-line} shows both the line number relative to
! the narrowed region and the line number relative to the whole buffer.
! 
!   @kbd{M-x what-page} counts pages from the beginning of the file and
! lines within the current page, then shows both numbers in the echo
! area.  @xref{Pages}.
  
  @kindex M-=
  @findex count-lines-region
!   Use @kbd{M-=} (@code{count-lines-region}) to see the number of lines
! and characters in the region (@pxref{Mark}).  @xref{Pages} for the
! command @kbd{C-x l} which counts the lines in the current page.
  
  @kindex C-x =
  @findex what-cursor-position
!   @kbd{C-x =} (@code{what-cursor-position}) shows the cursor's column
! and other information about point and the character after it.  It
! displays a line in the echo area that looks like this:
  
  @smallexample
  Char: c (99, #o143, #x63) point=28062 of 36168 (78%) column=53
  @end smallexample
  
!   The four values after @samp{Char:} describe the character that
! follows point, first by showing it and then its character code in
! decimal, octal and hex.  For a address@hidden multibyte
! character, these are followed by @samp{file} and the character's
! representation, in hex, in the buffer's coding system, if that coding
! system encodes the character safely and with a single byte
! (@pxref{Coding Systems}).  If the character's encoding is longer than
! one byte, Emacs shows @samp{file ...}.
! 
!   If the character displayed is in the range 0200 through 0377 octal,
! it may actually represent an invalid UTF-8 byte read from a file.  In
! Emacs, that byte is represented as a sequence of 8-bit characters, but
! all of them together display as the original invalid byte, in octal
! code.  In this case, @kbd{C-x =} shows @samp{part of display ...}
! instead of @samp{file}.
! 
!   @samp{point=} is followed by the position of point as a character
! count.  The first character of the buffer is at position 1, the next
! 2, and so on.  The next, larger, number shown is the total number of
! characters in the buffer.  Afterward in parentheses comes the position
! as a percentage of the total buffer size.
  
    @samp{column=} is followed by the horizontal position of point, in
  columns from the left edge of the window.
  
    If the buffer has been narrowed, making some of the text at the
  beginning and the end temporarily inaccessible, @kbd{C-x =} displays
! additional text about the currently accessible range.  For example, it
  might display this:
  
  @smallexample
***************
*** 604,610 ****
  @item
  The character set name, and the codes that identify the character
  within that character set; @acronym{ASCII} characters are identified
! as belonging to the @code{ascii} character set.
  
  @item
  The character's syntax and categories.
--- 593,599 ----
  @item
  The character set name, and the codes that identify the character
  within that character set; @acronym{ASCII} characters are identified
! as members of the @code{ascii} character set.
  
  @item
  The character's syntax and categories.
***************
*** 614,621 ****
  if you were to save the file.
  
  @item
! What to type to input the character in the current input method
! (if it supports the character).
  
  @item
  If you are running Emacs on a graphical display, the font name and
--- 603,610 ----
  if you were to save the file.
  
  @item
! What keys input the character with the current input method (if the
! method supports the character).
  
  @item
  If you are running Emacs on a graphical display, the font name and
***************
*** 656,677 ****
  @cindex prefix arguments
  @cindex arguments to commands
  
!   In mathematics and computer usage, the word @dfn{argument} means
! ``data provided to a function or operation.''  You can give any Emacs
! command a @dfn{numeric argument} (also called a @dfn{prefix argument}).
! Some commands interpret the argument as a repetition count.  For
! example, @kbd{C-f} with an argument of ten moves forward ten characters
! instead of one.  With these commands, no argument is equivalent to an
! argument of one.  Negative arguments tell most such commands to move or
! act in the opposite direction.
  
  @kindex M-1
  @kindex address@hidden
  @findex digit-argument
  @findex negative-argument
    If your terminal keyboard has a @key{META} key (labeled @key{ALT} on
! PC keyboards), the easiest way to specify a numeric argument is to
! type digits and/or a minus sign while holding down the @key{META} key.
  For example,
  
  @example
--- 645,667 ----
  @cindex prefix arguments
  @cindex arguments to commands
  
!   In mathematics and computer usage, @dfn{argument} means ``data
! provided to a function or operation.''  Any Emacs command can take a
! @dfn{numeric argument} (also called a @dfn{prefix argument}).
! Sometimes the argument is ignored.  To some commands, the argument is
! a repetition count.  For example, @kbd{C-f} with an argument of ten
! moves forward ten characters instead of one.  When such commands have
! no argument, they use 1.  Negative arguments tell most such commands
! to move or act in the opposite direction.
  
  @kindex M-1
  @kindex address@hidden
  @findex digit-argument
  @findex negative-argument
    If your terminal keyboard has a @key{META} key (labeled @key{ALT} on
! PC keyboards), hold it down and type digits and/or a minus sign to
! specify a numeric argument.
! 
  For example,
  
  @example
***************
*** 679,745 ****
  @end example
  
  @noindent
! would move down five lines.  The characters @kbd{Meta-1}, @kbd{Meta-2},
! and so on, as well as @kbd{Meta--}, do this because they are keys bound
! to commands (@code{digit-argument} and @code{negative-argument}) that
! are defined to contribute to an argument for the next command.
! @kbd{Meta--} without digits normally means @minus{}1.  Digits and
! @kbd{-} modified with Control, or Control and Meta, also specify numeric
! arguments.
  
  @kindex C-u
  @findex universal-argument
!   Another way of specifying an argument is to use the @kbd{C-u}
! (@code{universal-argument}) command followed by the digits of the
! argument.  With @kbd{C-u}, you can type the argument digits without
! holding down modifier keys; @kbd{C-u} works on all terminals.  To type a
! negative argument, type a minus sign after @kbd{C-u}.  Just a minus sign
! without digits normally means @minus{}1.
! 
!   @kbd{C-u} without digits or minus sign has the special meaning of
! ``four times'': it multiplies the argument for the next command by
! four.  @kbd{C-u C-u} multiplies it by sixteen.  Thus, @kbd{C-u C-u
! C-f} moves forward sixteen characters.  This is a good way to move
! forward ``fast,'' since it moves about 1/5 of a line in the usual size
! screen.  Other useful combinations are @kbd{C-u C-n}, @kbd{C-u C-u
! C-n} (move down a good fraction of a screen), @kbd{C-u C-u C-o} (make
! ``a lot'' of blank lines), and @kbd{C-u C-k} (kill four lines)address@hidden
! 
!   Some commands care only about whether there is an argument, and not about
! its value.  For example, the command @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) with
! no argument fills text; with an argument, it justifies the text as well.
! (@xref{Filling}, for more information on @kbd{M-q}.)  Plain @kbd{C-u} is a
! handy way of providing an argument for such commands.
! 
!   Some commands use the value of the argument as a repeat count, but do
! something peculiar when there is no argument.  For example, the command
! @kbd{C-k} (@code{kill-line}) with argument @var{n} kills @var{n} lines,
! including their terminating newlines.  But @kbd{C-k} with no argument is
! special: it kills the text up to the next newline, or, if point is right at
! the end of the line, it kills the newline itself.  Thus, two @kbd{C-k}
! commands with no arguments can kill a nonblank line, just like @kbd{C-k}
! with an argument of one.  (@xref{Killing}, for more information on
! @kbd{C-k}.)@refill
  
    A few commands treat a plain @kbd{C-u} differently from an ordinary
  argument.  A few others may treat an argument of just a minus sign
  differently from an argument of @minus{}1.  These unusual cases are
! described when they come up; they are always for reasons of
! convenience of use of the individual command, and they are documented
! in the command's documentation string.
  
!   You can use a numeric argument to insert multiple copies of a
! character.  This is straightforward unless the character is a digit; for
  example, @kbd{C-u 6 4 a} inserts 64 copies of the character @samp{a}.
  But this does not work for inserting digits; @kbd{C-u 6 4 1} specifies
! an argument of 641, rather than inserting anything.  To separate the
! digit to insert from the argument, type another @kbd{C-u}; for example,
! @kbd{C-u 6 4 C-u 1} does insert 64 copies of the character @samp{1}.
! 
!   We use the term ``prefix argument'' as well as ``numeric argument'' to
! emphasize that you type the argument before the command, and to
! distinguish these arguments from minibuffer arguments that come after
! the command.
  
  @node Repeating
  @section Repeating a Command
--- 669,734 ----
  @end example
  
  @noindent
! moves down five lines.  The characters @kbd{Meta-1}, @kbd{Meta-2}, and
! so on, as well as @kbd{Meta--}, do this because they are keys bound to
! commands (@code{digit-argument} and @code{negative-argument}) that
! make an argument for the next command.  @kbd{Meta--} without digits
! normally means @minus{}1.  Digits and @kbd{-} modified with Control,
! or Control and Meta, also specify numeric arguments.
  
  @kindex C-u
  @findex universal-argument
!   The @kbd{C-u} (@code{universal-argument}) command followed by the
! digits of the argument is another way to specify it.  With @kbd{C-u},
! you can type the argument digits without modifier keys.  Thus,
! @kbd{C-u} works on all terminals.  For a negative argument, type a
! minus sign after @kbd{C-u}.  Just a minus sign normally means
! @minus{}1.
! 
!   @kbd{C-u} alone has the special meaning of ``four times'': it
! multiplies the argument for the next command by four.  @kbd{C-u C-u}
! multiplies it by sixteen.  Thus, @kbd{C-u C-u C-f} moves forward
! sixteen characters.  This is a good way to move forward ``fast,''
! since it moves about 1/5 of a line in the usual size screen.  Other
! useful combinations are @kbd{C-u C-n}, @kbd{C-u C-u C-n} (move down a
! good fraction of a screen), @kbd{C-u C-u C-o} (make a lot of blank
! lines), and @kbd{C-u C-k} (kill four lines, explained below)address@hidden
! 
!   Some commands only care if there is an argument, not what it is.
! For example, the command @kbd{M-q} (@code{fill-paragraph}) fills text;
! with an argument, it justifies the text as well.  (@xref{Filling}, for
! more information on @kbd{M-q}.)  Plain @kbd{C-u} is a handy way of
! providing an argument for such commands.
! 
!   Some commands use the value of the argument as a repeat count, but
! do something peculiar when there is no argument.  For example, the
! command @kbd{C-k} (@code{kill-line}) with argument @var{n} kills
! @var{n} lines, including their terminating newlines.  @kbd{C-k} with
! no argument is different: it kills the text up to the next newline,
! or, if point is at the end of the line, it kills the newline itself.
! Thus, two @kbd{C-k} commands with no arguments can kill a nonblank
! line, just like @kbd{C-k} with an argument of one.  (@xref{Killing},
! for more information on @kbd{C-k}.)@refill
  
    A few commands treat a plain @kbd{C-u} differently from an ordinary
  argument.  A few others may treat an argument of just a minus sign
  differently from an argument of @minus{}1.  These unusual cases are
! described when they come up; they are always to make the individual
! command easier to use, and they are always documented appropriately in
! the command's documentation string.
  
!   Use a numeric argument with a regular typed character to insert
! multiple copies.  This is tricky if the character is a digit; for
  example, @kbd{C-u 6 4 a} inserts 64 copies of the character @samp{a}.
  But this does not work for inserting digits; @kbd{C-u 6 4 1} specifies
! an argument of 641.  To separate the digit from the argument, type
! another @kbd{C-u}. For example, @kbd{C-u 6 4 C-u 1} will insert 64
! copies of the character @samp{1}.
! 
!   The terms ``prefix argument'' as well as ``numeric argument'' are
! used to emphasize that you type these argument before the command, and
! to distinguish them from the minibuffer arguments that come after the
! command.
  
  @node Repeating
  @section Repeating a Command
***************
*** 748,756 ****
    Many simple commands, such as those invoked with a single key or
  with @kbd{M-x @var{command-name} @key{RET}}, can be repeated by
  invoking them with a numeric argument that serves as a repeat count
! (@pxref{Arguments}).  However, if the command you want to repeat
! prompts for some input, or uses a numeric argument in another way,
! repetition using a numeric argument might be problematical.
  
  @kindex C-x z
  @findex repeat
--- 737,745 ----
    Many simple commands, such as those invoked with a single key or
  with @kbd{M-x @var{command-name} @key{RET}}, can be repeated by
  invoking them with a numeric argument that serves as a repeat count
! (@pxref{Arguments}).  If the command you want to repeat prompts for
! some input or uses a numeric argument in another way, things are not
! so simple.
  
  @kindex C-x z
  @findex repeat
***************
*** 759,773 ****
  command, whatever that was.  Repeating a command uses the same arguments
  that were used before; it does not read new arguments each time.
  
!   To repeat the command more than once, type additional @kbd{z}'s: each
! @kbd{z} repeats the command one more time.  Repetition ends when you
  type a character other than @kbd{z}, or press a mouse button.
  
!   For example, suppose you type @kbd{C-u 2 0 C-d} to delete 20
! characters.  You can repeat that command (including its argument) three
! additional times, to delete a total of 80 characters, by typing @kbd{C-x
! z z z}.  The first @kbd{C-x z} repeats the command once, and each
! subsequent @kbd{z} repeats it once again.
  
  @ignore
     arch-tag: cda8952a-c439-41c1-aecf-4bc0d6482956
--- 748,760 ----
  command, whatever that was.  Repeating a command uses the same arguments
  that were used before; it does not read new arguments each time.
  
!   To repeat the command more than once, type additional @kbd{z}'s:
! each @kbd{z} repeats the command once more.  Repetition ends when you
  type a character other than @kbd{z}, or press a mouse button.
  
!   For example, type @kbd{C-u 2 0 C-d} to delete 20 characters.  Repeat
! that command (including its @kbd{2 0} argument) three more times,
! deleting a total of 80 characters, with @kbd{C-x z z z}.
  
  @ignore
     arch-tag: cda8952a-c439-41c1-aecf-4bc0d6482956