[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
[SCM] gawk branch, gawk-5.1-stable, updated. gawk-4.1.0-4333-gb8c16c0
|
From: |
Arnold Robbins |
|
Subject: |
[SCM] gawk branch, gawk-5.1-stable, updated. gawk-4.1.0-4333-gb8c16c0 |
|
Date: |
Wed, 20 Oct 2021 12:48:33 -0400 (EDT) |
This is an automated email from the git hooks/post-receive script. It was
generated because a ref change was pushed to the repository containing
the project "gawk".
The branch, gawk-5.1-stable has been updated
via b8c16c0893bc1be06244387fb5f8db54f0b1578d (commit)
via 7ff43db76864b12449ea4fe00c14a6bef4c98596 (commit)
from c6eab64cf55d91886c18c9fbb5ff564290759ed2 (commit)
Those revisions listed above that are new to this repository have
not appeared on any other notification email; so we list those
revisions in full, below.
- Log -----------------------------------------------------------------
http://git.sv.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/commit/?id=b8c16c0893bc1be06244387fb5f8db54f0b1578d
commit b8c16c0893bc1be06244387fb5f8db54f0b1578d
Author: Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>
Date: Wed Oct 20 19:48:22 2021 +0300
Manual updates.
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog b/doc/ChangeLog
index f962ad8..d1d9f16 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+2021-10-20 Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+ * gawktexi.in (FS versus FPAT): New subsection.
+ (String Functions): Reference it.
+
2021-10-13 Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>
* awkcard.in, gawkinet.texi, gawkworkflow.texi: Update copyright year.
diff --git a/doc/gawk.info b/doc/gawk.info
index 6702dca..6b183df 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.info
+++ b/doc/gawk.info
@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled
* Fields with fixed data:: Field values with fixed-width data.
* Splitting By Content:: Defining Fields By Content
* More CSV:: More on CSV files.
+* FS versus FPAT:: A subtle difference.
* Testing field creation:: Checking how 'gawk' is
splitting records.
* Multiple Line:: Reading multiline records.
@@ -5587,6 +5588,7 @@ File: gawk.info, Node: Splitting By Content, Next:
Testing field creation, Pr
* Menu:
* More CSV:: More on CSV files.
+* FS versus FPAT:: A subtle difference.
This minor node discusses an advanced feature of 'gawk'. If you are a
novice 'awk' user, you might want to skip it on the first reading.
@@ -5685,7 +5687,7 @@ years. RFC 4180 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4180.txt)
standardizes the
most common practices.
-File: gawk.info, Node: More CSV, Up: Splitting By Content
+File: gawk.info, Node: More CSV, Next: FS versus FPAT, Up: Splitting By
Content
4.7.1 More on CSV Files
-----------------------
@@ -5742,6 +5744,33 @@ that isn't covered. We recommend, instead, that you use
Manuel
Collado's 'CSVMODE' library for 'gawk' (http://mcollado.z15.es/xgawk/).
+File: gawk.info, Node: FS versus FPAT, Prev: More CSV, Up: Splitting By
Content
+
+4.7.2 'FS' Versus 'FPAT': A Subtle Difference
+---------------------------------------------
+
+As we discussed earlier, 'FS' describes the data between fields ("what
+fields are not") and 'FPAT' describes the fields themselves ("what
+fields are"). This leads to a subtle difference in how fields are found
+when using regexps as the value for 'FS' or 'FPAT'.
+
+ In order to distinguish one field from another, there must be a
+non-empty separator between each field. This makes intuitive
+sense--otherwise one could not distinguish fields from separators.
+
+ Thus, regular expression matching as done when splitting fields with
+'FS' is not allowed to match the null string; it must always match at
+least one character, in order to be able to proceed through the entire
+record.
+
+ On the other hand, regular expression matching with 'FPAT' can match
+the null string, and the non-matching intervening characters function as
+the separators.
+
+ This same difference is reflected in how matching is done with the
+'split()' and 'patsplit()' functions (*note String Functions::).
+
+
File: gawk.info, Node: Testing field creation, Next: Multiple Line, Prev:
Splitting By Content, Up: Reading Files
4.8 Checking How 'gawk' Is Splitting Records
@@ -13557,6 +13586,15 @@ Options::):
Nonalphabetic characters are left unchanged. For example,
'toupper("MiXeD cAsE 123")' returns '"MIXED CASE 123"'.
+ At first glance, the 'split()' and 'patsplit()' functions appear to
+be mirror images of each other. But there are differences:
+
+ * 'split()' treats its third argument like 'FS', with all the special
+ rules involved for 'FS'.
+
+ * Matching of null strings differs. This is discussed in *note FS
+ versus FPAT::.
+
Matching the Null String
In 'awk', the '*' operator can match the null string. This is
@@ -35064,7 +35102,7 @@ Index
* * (asterisk), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94)
* * (asterisk), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94)
* * (asterisk), * operator, null strings, matching: String Functions.
- (line 556)
+ (line 565)
* + (plus sign), regexp operator: Regexp Operator Details.
(line 107)
* + (plus sign), += operator: Assignment Ops. (line 81)
@@ -35353,7 +35391,7 @@ Index
* adding, features to gawk: Adding Code. (line 6)
* advanced features, fixed-width data: Constant Size. (line 6)
* advanced features, specifying field content: Splitting By Content.
- (line 13)
+ (line 14)
* advanced features, gawk: Advanced Features. (line 6)
* advanced features, nondecimal input data: Nondecimal Data. (line 6)
* advanced features, processes, communicating with: Two-way I/O.
@@ -35505,7 +35543,7 @@ Index
* asterisk (*), *= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94)
* asterisk (*), **= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94)
* asterisk (*), * operator, null strings, matching: String Functions.
- (line 556)
+ (line 565)
* at-sign (@), @include directive: Include Files. (line 8)
* at-sign (@), @load directive: Loading Shared Libraries.
(line 8)
@@ -35861,7 +35899,7 @@ Index
* columns, cutting: Cut Program. (line 6)
* comma (,), in range patterns: Ranges. (line 6)
* Comma separated values (CSV) data, parsing with FPAT: Splitting By Content.
- (line 19)
+ (line 20)
* Comma separated values (CSV) data, parsing with FPAT library: More CSV.
(line 52)
* command completion, in debugger: Readline Support. (line 6)
@@ -35980,7 +36018,7 @@ Index
* csh utility, POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable: Options. (line 406)
* csh utility, |& operator, comparison with: Two-way I/O. (line 27)
* CSV (comma separated values) data, parsing with FPAT: Splitting By Content.
- (line 19)
+ (line 20)
* CSV (comma separated values) data, parsing with CSVMODE library: More CSV.
(line 52)
* CSVMODE library for gawk: More CSV. (line 52)
@@ -36690,7 +36728,7 @@ Index
* forward slash (/), /= operator <1>: Precedence. (line 94)
* forward slash (/), patterns and: Expression Patterns. (line 24)
* FPAT variable: Splitting By Content.
- (line 29)
+ (line 30)
* FPAT variable <1>: User-modified. (line 46)
* frame debugger command: Execution Stack. (line 27)
* frawk: Other Versions. (line 117)
@@ -36801,7 +36839,7 @@ Index
* gawk, RT variable in <1>: gawk split records. (line 66)
* gawk, FIELDWIDTHS variable in: Fixed width data. (line 17)
* gawk, FPAT variable in: Splitting By Content.
- (line 29)
+ (line 30)
* gawk, splitting fields and: Testing field creation.
(line 6)
* gawk, RT variable in <2>: Multiple Line. (line 139)
@@ -37273,7 +37311,7 @@ Index
* matching, leftmost longest: Multiple Line. (line 26)
* matching, expressions: Typing and Comparison.
(line 9)
-* matching, null strings: String Functions. (line 556)
+* matching, null strings: String Functions. (line 565)
* mawk utility: Escape Sequences. (line 121)
* mawk utility <1>: Getline/Pipe. (line 62)
* mawk utility <2>: Concatenation. (line 36)
@@ -37402,7 +37440,7 @@ Index
* null strings, as array subscripts: Uninitialized Subscripts.
(line 43)
* null strings, deleting array elements and: Delete. (line 27)
-* null strings, matching: String Functions. (line 556)
+* null strings, matching: String Functions. (line 565)
* null strings <3>: Basic Data Typing. (line 26)
* number of array elements: String Functions. (line 215)
* number sign (#), #! (executable scripts): Executable Scripts.
@@ -38073,7 +38111,7 @@ Index
(line 147)
* sidebar, Operator Evaluation Order: Increment Ops. (line 58)
* sidebar, Changing NR and FNR: Auto-set. (line 407)
-* sidebar, Matching the Null String: String Functions. (line 554)
+* sidebar, Matching the Null String: String Functions. (line 563)
* sidebar, Interactive Versus Noninteractive Buffering: I/O Functions.
(line 74)
* sidebar, Controlling Output Buffering with system(): I/O Functions.
@@ -38522,609 +38560,610 @@ Index
Tag Table:
Node: Top1200
-Node: Foreword345252
-Node: Foreword449694
-Node: Preface51226
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-154085
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-254194
-Ref: Preface-Footnote-354428
-Node: History54570
-Node: Names56922
-Ref: Names-Footnote-158026
-Node: This Manual58173
-Ref: This Manual-Footnote-164812
-Node: Conventions64912
-Node: Manual History67281
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-170278
-Ref: Manual History-Footnote-270319
-Node: How To Contribute70393
-Node: Acknowledgments71319
-Node: Getting Started76256
-Node: Running gawk78695
-Node: One-shot79885
-Node: Read Terminal81148
-Node: Long83141
-Node: Executable Scripts84654
-Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-187287
-Node: Comments87390
-Node: Quoting89874
-Node: DOS Quoting95400
-Node: Sample Data Files97456
-Node: Very Simple100051
-Node: Two Rules106153
-Node: More Complex108038
-Node: Statements/Lines110370
-Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1114854
-Node: Other Features115119
-Node: When116055
-Ref: When-Footnote-1117809
-Node: Intro Summary117874
-Node: Invoking Gawk118758
-Node: Command Line120272
-Node: Options121070
-Ref: Options-Footnote-1138984
-Ref: Options-Footnote-2139215
-Node: Other Arguments139240
-Node: Naming Standard Input143251
-Node: Environment Variables144461
-Node: AWKPATH Variable145019
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1148431
-Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2148465
-Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148836
-Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1150533
-Node: Other Environment Variables150908
-Node: Exit Status154729
-Node: Include Files155406
-Node: Loading Shared Libraries159096
-Node: Obsolete160524
-Node: Undocumented161216
-Node: Invoking Summary161513
-Node: Regexp164354
-Node: Regexp Usage165808
-Node: Escape Sequences167845
-Node: Regexp Operators174086
-Node: Regexp Operator Details174571
-Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1181935
-Node: Interval Expressions182082
-Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1184282
-Node: Bracket Expressions184380
-Ref: table-char-classes186856
-Node: Leftmost Longest190182
-Node: Computed Regexps191485
-Node: GNU Regexp Operators194912
-Node: Case-sensitivity198649
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1201515
-Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2201750
-Node: Regexp Summary201858
-Node: Reading Files203324
-Node: Records205593
-Node: awk split records206668
-Node: gawk split records211368
-Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1216442
-Node: Fields216479
-Node: Nonconstant Fields219220
-Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1221456
-Node: Changing Fields221660
-Node: Field Separators227691
-Node: Default Field Splitting230389
-Node: Regexp Field Splitting231507
-Node: Single Character Fields235184
-Node: Command Line Field Separator236244
-Node: Full Line Fields239462
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1240984
-Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2241030
-Node: Field Splitting Summary241131
-Node: Constant Size243205
-Node: Fixed width data243937
-Node: Skipping intervening247404
-Node: Allowing trailing data248202
-Node: Fields with fixed data249239
-Node: Splitting By Content250757
-Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1254540
-Node: More CSV254703
-Node: Testing field creation256295
-Node: Multiple Line257920
-Node: Getline264197
-Node: Plain Getline266666
-Node: Getline/Variable269239
-Node: Getline/File270390
-Node: Getline/Variable/File271778
-Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1273383
-Node: Getline/Pipe273471
-Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe276175
-Node: Getline/Coprocess277310
-Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess278577
-Node: Getline Notes279319
-Node: Getline Summary282116
-Ref: table-getline-variants282540
-Node: Read Timeout283288
-Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1287194
-Node: Retrying Input287252
-Node: Command-line directories288451
-Node: Input Summary289357
-Node: Input Exercises292529
-Node: Printing292963
-Node: Print294797
-Node: Print Examples296254
-Node: Output Separators299034
-Node: OFMT301051
-Node: Printf302407
-Node: Basic Printf303192
-Node: Control Letters304766
-Node: Format Modifiers309930
-Node: Printf Examples315945
-Node: Redirection318431
-Node: Special FD325272
-Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1328440
-Node: Special Files328514
-Node: Other Inherited Files329131
-Node: Special Network330132
-Node: Special Caveats330992
-Node: Close Files And Pipes331941
-Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values338848
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1339661
-Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2339809
-Node: Nonfatal339961
-Node: Output Summary342299
-Node: Output Exercises343521
-Node: Expressions344200
-Node: Values345388
-Node: Constants346066
-Node: Scalar Constants346757
-Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1349267
-Node: Nondecimal-numbers349517
-Node: Regexp Constants352518
-Node: Using Constant Regexps353044
-Node: Standard Regexp Constants353666
-Node: Strong Regexp Constants356854
-Node: Variables360567
-Node: Using Variables361224
-Node: Assignment Options363134
-Node: Conversion365605
-Node: Strings And Numbers366129
-Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1369192
-Node: Locale influences conversions369301
-Ref: table-locale-affects372059
-Node: All Operators372677
-Node: Arithmetic Ops373306
-Node: Concatenation376022
-Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1378869
-Node: Assignment Ops378976
-Ref: table-assign-ops383967
-Node: Increment Ops385280
-Node: Truth Values and Conditions388740
-Node: Truth Values389814
-Node: Typing and Comparison390862
-Node: Variable Typing391682
-Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1398145
-Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2398217
-Node: Comparison Operators398294
-Ref: table-relational-ops398713
-Node: POSIX String Comparison402208
-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1403903
-Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2404042
-Node: Boolean Ops404126
-Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1408608
-Node: Conditional Exp408700
-Node: Function Calls410436
-Node: Precedence414313
-Node: Locales417972
-Node: Expressions Summary419604
-Node: Patterns and Actions422177
-Node: Pattern Overview423297
-Node: Regexp Patterns424974
-Node: Expression Patterns425516
-Node: Ranges429297
-Node: BEGIN/END432405
-Node: Using BEGIN/END433166
-Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1435920
-Node: I/O And BEGIN/END436026
-Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE438339
-Node: Empty441570
-Node: Using Shell Variables441887
-Node: Action Overview444161
-Node: Statements446486
-Node: If Statement448334
-Node: While Statement449829
-Node: Do Statement451857
-Node: For Statement453005
-Node: Switch Statement456260
-Node: Break Statement458701
-Node: Continue Statement460793
-Node: Next Statement462620
-Node: Nextfile Statement465003
-Node: Exit Statement467692
-Node: Built-in Variables470095
-Node: User-modified471228
-Node: Auto-set478995
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1495802
-Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2496008
-Node: ARGC and ARGV496064
-Node: Pattern Action Summary500277
-Node: Arrays502707
-Node: Array Basics504036
-Node: Array Intro504880
-Ref: figure-array-elements506855
-Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1509559
-Node: Reference to Elements509687
-Node: Assigning Elements512151
-Node: Array Example512642
-Node: Scanning an Array514401
-Node: Controlling Scanning517423
-Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1523879
-Node: Numeric Array Subscripts524195
-Node: Uninitialized Subscripts526379
-Node: Delete527998
-Ref: Delete-Footnote-1530750
-Node: Multidimensional530807
-Node: Multiscanning533902
-Node: Arrays of Arrays535493
-Node: Arrays Summary540261
-Node: Functions542354
-Node: Built-in543392
-Node: Calling Built-in544473
-Node: Numeric Functions546469
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1550497
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2551145
-Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3551193
-Node: String Functions551465
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1575980
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2576108
-Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3576356
-Node: Gory Details576443
-Ref: table-sub-escapes578234
-Ref: table-sub-proposed579753
-Ref: table-posix-sub581116
-Ref: table-gensub-escapes582657
-Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1583480
-Node: I/O Functions583634
-Ref: table-system-return-values590088
-Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1592168
-Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2592316
-Node: Time Functions592436
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1603107
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2603175
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3603333
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4603444
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5603556
-Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6603783
-Node: Bitwise Functions604049
-Ref: table-bitwise-ops604643
-Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1610706
-Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-2610879
-Node: Type Functions611070
-Node: I18N Functions614399
-Node: User-defined616050
-Node: Definition Syntax616862
-Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1622556
-Node: Function Example622627
-Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1625549
-Node: Function Calling625571
-Node: Calling A Function626159
-Node: Variable Scope627117
-Node: Pass By Value/Reference630111
-Node: Function Caveats632755
-Ref: Function Caveats-Footnote-1634802
-Node: Return Statement634922
-Node: Dynamic Typing637901
-Node: Indirect Calls638831
-Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1649083
-Node: Functions Summary649211
-Node: Library Functions651916
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1655523
-Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2655666
-Node: Library Names655837
-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1659504
-Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2659727
-Node: General Functions659813
-Node: Strtonum Function660995
-Node: Assert Function664017
-Node: Round Function667343
-Node: Cliff Random Function668883
-Node: Ordinal Functions669899
-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1672962
-Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2673214
-Node: Join Function673424
-Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1675194
-Node: Getlocaltime Function675394
-Node: Readfile Function679136
-Node: Shell Quoting681113
-Node: Isnumeric Function682541
-Node: Data File Management683929
-Node: Filetrans Function684561
-Node: Rewind Function688657
-Node: File Checking690566
-Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1691900
-Node: Empty Files692101
-Node: Ignoring Assigns694080
-Node: Getopt Function695630
-Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1710853
-Node: Passwd Functions711053
-Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1719892
-Node: Group Functions719980
-Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1727878
-Node: Walking Arrays728085
-Node: Library Functions Summary731093
-Node: Library Exercises732499
-Node: Sample Programs732964
-Node: Running Examples733734
-Node: Clones734462
-Node: Cut Program735686
-Node: Egrep Program745826
-Node: Id Program754827
-Node: Split Program764762
-Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1774655
-Node: Tee Program774828
-Node: Uniq Program777618
-Node: Wc Program785206
-Node: Bytes vs. Characters785593
-Node: Using extensions787141
-Node: wc program787895
-Node: Miscellaneous Programs792760
-Node: Dupword Program793973
-Node: Alarm Program796003
-Node: Translate Program800858
-Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1805423
-Node: Labels Program805693
-Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1809044
-Node: Word Sorting809128
-Node: History Sorting813200
-Node: Extract Program815425
-Node: Simple Sed823479
-Node: Igawk Program826553
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1840884
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2841086
-Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3841208
-Node: Anagram Program841323
-Node: Signature Program844385
-Node: Programs Summary845632
-Node: Programs Exercises846846
-Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1850976
-Node: Advanced Features851062
-Node: Nondecimal Data853129
-Node: Array Sorting854720
-Node: Controlling Array Traversal855420
-Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1863788
-Node: Array Sorting Functions863906
-Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1869280
-Node: Two-way I/O869476
-Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1877202
-Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2877389
-Node: TCP/IP Networking877471
-Node: Profiling880589
-Node: Extension Philosophy889898
-Node: Advanced Features Summary891377
-Node: Internationalization893392
-Node: I18N and L10N895066
-Node: Explaining gettext895753
-Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1901645
-Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2901830
-Node: Programmer i18n901995
-Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1906944
-Node: Translator i18n906993
-Node: String Extraction907787
-Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1908919
-Node: Printf Ordering909005
-Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1911791
-Node: I18N Portability911855
-Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1914311
-Node: I18N Example914374
-Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1917649
-Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-2917722
-Node: Gawk I18N917831
-Node: I18N Summary918480
-Node: Debugger919821
-Node: Debugging920821
-Node: Debugging Concepts921262
-Node: Debugging Terms923071
-Node: Awk Debugging925646
-Ref: Awk Debugging-Footnote-1926591
-Node: Sample Debugging Session926723
-Node: Debugger Invocation927257
-Node: Finding The Bug928643
-Node: List of Debugger Commands935117
-Node: Breakpoint Control936450
-Node: Debugger Execution Control940144
-Node: Viewing And Changing Data943506
-Node: Execution Stack947047
-Node: Debugger Info948684
-Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands952755
-Node: Readline Support957817
-Node: Limitations958713
-Node: Debugging Summary961267
-Node: Namespaces962546
-Node: Global Namespace963657
-Node: Qualified Names965055
-Node: Default Namespace966054
-Node: Changing The Namespace966795
-Node: Naming Rules968409
-Node: Internal Name Management970257
-Node: Namespace Example971299
-Node: Namespace And Features973861
-Node: Namespace Summary975296
-Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic976773
-Node: Computer Arithmetic978260
-Ref: table-numeric-ranges982026
-Ref: table-floating-point-ranges982519
-Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1983177
-Node: Math Definitions983234
-Ref: table-ieee-formats986550
-Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1987153
-Node: MPFR features987258
-Node: FP Math Caution988976
-Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1990048
-Node: Inexactness of computations990417
-Node: Inexact representation991377
-Node: Comparing FP Values992737
-Node: Errors accumulate993978
-Node: Getting Accuracy995411
-Node: Try To Round998121
-Node: Setting precision999020
-Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings999717
-Node: Setting the rounding mode1001547
-Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes1001921
-Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-11005852
-Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers1006031
-Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-11009206
-Node: Checking for MPFR1009355
-Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems1010829
-Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-11015114
-Node: Floating point summary1015152
-Node: Dynamic Extensions1017342
-Node: Extension Intro1018895
-Node: Plugin License1020161
-Node: Extension Mechanism Outline1020958
-Ref: figure-load-extension1021397
-Ref: figure-register-new-function1022962
-Ref: figure-call-new-function1024054
-Node: Extension API Description1026116
-Node: Extension API Functions Introduction1027829
-Ref: table-api-std-headers1029665
-Node: General Data Types1033914
-Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-11042544
-Node: Memory Allocation Functions1042843
-Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-11047344
-Node: Constructor Functions1047443
-Node: API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values1050909
-Node: Registration Functions1052222
-Node: Extension Functions1052922
-Node: Exit Callback Functions1058244
-Node: Extension Version String1059494
-Node: Input Parsers1060157
-Node: Output Wrappers1072878
-Node: Two-way processors1077390
-Node: Printing Messages1079655
-Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-11080826
-Node: Updating ERRNO1080979
-Node: Requesting Values1081718
-Ref: table-value-types-returned1082455
-Node: Accessing Parameters1083391
-Node: Symbol Table Access1084628
-Node: Symbol table by name1085140
-Ref: Symbol table by name-Footnote-11088165
-Node: Symbol table by cookie1088293
-Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-11092478
-Node: Cached values1092542
-Ref: Cached values-Footnote-11096078
-Node: Array Manipulation1096231
-Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-11097322
-Node: Array Data Types1097359
-Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-11100017
-Node: Array Functions1100109
-Node: Flattening Arrays1104607
-Node: Creating Arrays1111583
-Node: Redirection API1116350
-Node: Extension API Variables1119183
-Node: Extension Versioning1119894
-Ref: gawk-api-version1120323
-Node: Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning1122054
-Node: Extension API Informational Variables1123682
-Node: Extension API Boilerplate1124755
-Node: Changes from API V11128729
-Node: Finding Extensions1130301
-Node: Extension Example1130860
-Node: Internal File Description1131658
-Node: Internal File Ops1135738
-Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11147088
-Node: Using Internal File Ops1147228
-Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11149611
-Node: Extension Samples1149885
-Node: Extension Sample File Functions1151414
-Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1159063
-Node: Extension Sample Fork1160550
-Node: Extension Sample Inplace1161768
-Node: Extension Sample Ord1165394
-Node: Extension Sample Readdir1166230
-Ref: table-readdir-file-types1167119
-Node: Extension Sample Revout1168186
-Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1168775
-Node: Extension Sample Read write array1169515
-Node: Extension Sample Readfile1171457
-Node: Extension Sample Time1172552
-Node: Extension Sample API Tests1174304
-Node: gawkextlib1174796
-Node: Extension summary1177714
-Node: Extension Exercises1181416
-Node: Language History1182658
-Node: V7/SVR3.11184314
-Node: SVR41186466
-Node: POSIX1187900
-Node: BTL1189281
-Node: POSIX/GNU1190010
-Node: Feature History1195788
-Node: Common Extensions1212963
-Node: Ranges and Locales1214246
-Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11218862
-Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21218889
-Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31219124
-Node: Contributors1219347
-Node: History summary1225344
-Node: Installation1226724
-Node: Gawk Distribution1227668
-Node: Getting1228152
-Node: Extracting1229115
-Node: Distribution contents1230753
-Node: Unix Installation1237896
-Node: Quick Installation1238700
-Node: Compiling with MPFR1241176
-Node: Shell Startup Files1241866
-Node: Additional Configuration Options1242955
-Node: Configuration Philosophy1245270
-Node: Compiling from Git1247666
-Node: Building the Documentation1248221
-Node: Non-Unix Installation1249605
-Node: PC Installation1250065
-Node: PC Binary Installation1250903
-Node: PC Compiling1251338
-Node: PC Using1252455
-Node: Cygwin1256008
-Node: MSYS1257232
-Node: VMS Installation1257834
-Node: VMS Compilation1258553
-Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11259782
-Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1259840
-Node: VMS Installation Details1261525
-Node: VMS Running1263787
-Node: VMS GNV1268066
-Node: Bugs1268780
-Node: Bug definition1269692
-Node: Bug address1272628
-Node: Usenet1276016
-Node: Performance bugs1277205
-Node: Asking for help1280126
-Node: Maintainers1282093
-Node: Other Versions1283287
-Node: Installation summary1291139
-Node: Notes1292503
-Node: Compatibility Mode1293297
-Node: Additions1294079
-Node: Accessing The Source1295004
-Node: Adding Code1296441
-Node: New Ports1302660
-Node: Derived Files1307035
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11312695
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21312730
-Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31313328
-Node: Future Extensions1313442
-Node: Implementation Limitations1314100
-Node: Extension Design1315310
-Node: Old Extension Problems1316454
-Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11317972
-Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1318029
-Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11321393
-Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1321582
-Node: Extension Future Growth1323695
-Node: Notes summary1324301
-Node: Basic Concepts1325459
-Node: Basic High Level1326140
-Ref: figure-general-flow1326422
-Ref: figure-process-flow1327107
-Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11330408
-Node: Basic Data Typing1330593
-Node: Glossary1333921
-Node: Copying1365806
-Node: GNU Free Documentation License1403349
-Node: Index1428469
+Node: Foreword345313
+Node: Foreword449755
+Node: Preface51287
+Ref: Preface-Footnote-154146
+Ref: Preface-Footnote-254255
+Ref: Preface-Footnote-354489
+Node: History54631
+Node: Names56983
+Ref: Names-Footnote-158087
+Node: This Manual58234
+Ref: This Manual-Footnote-164873
+Node: Conventions64973
+Node: Manual History67342
+Ref: Manual History-Footnote-170339
+Ref: Manual History-Footnote-270380
+Node: How To Contribute70454
+Node: Acknowledgments71380
+Node: Getting Started76317
+Node: Running gawk78756
+Node: One-shot79946
+Node: Read Terminal81209
+Node: Long83202
+Node: Executable Scripts84715
+Ref: Executable Scripts-Footnote-187348
+Node: Comments87451
+Node: Quoting89935
+Node: DOS Quoting95461
+Node: Sample Data Files97517
+Node: Very Simple100112
+Node: Two Rules106214
+Node: More Complex108099
+Node: Statements/Lines110431
+Ref: Statements/Lines-Footnote-1114915
+Node: Other Features115180
+Node: When116116
+Ref: When-Footnote-1117870
+Node: Intro Summary117935
+Node: Invoking Gawk118819
+Node: Command Line120333
+Node: Options121131
+Ref: Options-Footnote-1139045
+Ref: Options-Footnote-2139276
+Node: Other Arguments139301
+Node: Naming Standard Input143312
+Node: Environment Variables144522
+Node: AWKPATH Variable145080
+Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-1148492
+Ref: AWKPATH Variable-Footnote-2148526
+Node: AWKLIBPATH Variable148897
+Ref: AWKLIBPATH Variable-Footnote-1150594
+Node: Other Environment Variables150969
+Node: Exit Status154790
+Node: Include Files155467
+Node: Loading Shared Libraries159157
+Node: Obsolete160585
+Node: Undocumented161277
+Node: Invoking Summary161574
+Node: Regexp164415
+Node: Regexp Usage165869
+Node: Escape Sequences167906
+Node: Regexp Operators174147
+Node: Regexp Operator Details174632
+Ref: Regexp Operator Details-Footnote-1181996
+Node: Interval Expressions182143
+Ref: Interval Expressions-Footnote-1184343
+Node: Bracket Expressions184441
+Ref: table-char-classes186917
+Node: Leftmost Longest190243
+Node: Computed Regexps191546
+Node: GNU Regexp Operators194973
+Node: Case-sensitivity198710
+Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-1201576
+Ref: Case-sensitivity-Footnote-2201811
+Node: Regexp Summary201919
+Node: Reading Files203385
+Node: Records205654
+Node: awk split records206729
+Node: gawk split records211429
+Ref: gawk split records-Footnote-1216503
+Node: Fields216540
+Node: Nonconstant Fields219281
+Ref: Nonconstant Fields-Footnote-1221517
+Node: Changing Fields221721
+Node: Field Separators227752
+Node: Default Field Splitting230450
+Node: Regexp Field Splitting231568
+Node: Single Character Fields235245
+Node: Command Line Field Separator236305
+Node: Full Line Fields239523
+Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-1241045
+Ref: Full Line Fields-Footnote-2241091
+Node: Field Splitting Summary241192
+Node: Constant Size243266
+Node: Fixed width data243998
+Node: Skipping intervening247465
+Node: Allowing trailing data248263
+Node: Fields with fixed data249300
+Node: Splitting By Content250818
+Ref: Splitting By Content-Footnote-1254654
+Node: More CSV254817
+Node: FS versus FPAT256432
+Node: Testing field creation257592
+Node: Multiple Line259217
+Node: Getline265494
+Node: Plain Getline267963
+Node: Getline/Variable270536
+Node: Getline/File271687
+Node: Getline/Variable/File273075
+Ref: Getline/Variable/File-Footnote-1274680
+Node: Getline/Pipe274768
+Node: Getline/Variable/Pipe277472
+Node: Getline/Coprocess278607
+Node: Getline/Variable/Coprocess279874
+Node: Getline Notes280616
+Node: Getline Summary283413
+Ref: table-getline-variants283837
+Node: Read Timeout284585
+Ref: Read Timeout-Footnote-1288491
+Node: Retrying Input288549
+Node: Command-line directories289748
+Node: Input Summary290654
+Node: Input Exercises293826
+Node: Printing294260
+Node: Print296094
+Node: Print Examples297551
+Node: Output Separators300331
+Node: OFMT302348
+Node: Printf303704
+Node: Basic Printf304489
+Node: Control Letters306063
+Node: Format Modifiers311227
+Node: Printf Examples317242
+Node: Redirection319728
+Node: Special FD326569
+Ref: Special FD-Footnote-1329737
+Node: Special Files329811
+Node: Other Inherited Files330428
+Node: Special Network331429
+Node: Special Caveats332289
+Node: Close Files And Pipes333238
+Ref: table-close-pipe-return-values340145
+Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-1340958
+Ref: Close Files And Pipes-Footnote-2341106
+Node: Nonfatal341258
+Node: Output Summary343596
+Node: Output Exercises344818
+Node: Expressions345497
+Node: Values346685
+Node: Constants347363
+Node: Scalar Constants348054
+Ref: Scalar Constants-Footnote-1350564
+Node: Nondecimal-numbers350814
+Node: Regexp Constants353815
+Node: Using Constant Regexps354341
+Node: Standard Regexp Constants354963
+Node: Strong Regexp Constants358151
+Node: Variables361864
+Node: Using Variables362521
+Node: Assignment Options364431
+Node: Conversion366902
+Node: Strings And Numbers367426
+Ref: Strings And Numbers-Footnote-1370489
+Node: Locale influences conversions370598
+Ref: table-locale-affects373356
+Node: All Operators373974
+Node: Arithmetic Ops374603
+Node: Concatenation377319
+Ref: Concatenation-Footnote-1380166
+Node: Assignment Ops380273
+Ref: table-assign-ops385264
+Node: Increment Ops386577
+Node: Truth Values and Conditions390037
+Node: Truth Values391111
+Node: Typing and Comparison392159
+Node: Variable Typing392979
+Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-1399442
+Ref: Variable Typing-Footnote-2399514
+Node: Comparison Operators399591
+Ref: table-relational-ops400010
+Node: POSIX String Comparison403505
+Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-1405200
+Ref: POSIX String Comparison-Footnote-2405339
+Node: Boolean Ops405423
+Ref: Boolean Ops-Footnote-1409905
+Node: Conditional Exp409997
+Node: Function Calls411733
+Node: Precedence415610
+Node: Locales419269
+Node: Expressions Summary420901
+Node: Patterns and Actions423474
+Node: Pattern Overview424594
+Node: Regexp Patterns426271
+Node: Expression Patterns426813
+Node: Ranges430594
+Node: BEGIN/END433702
+Node: Using BEGIN/END434463
+Ref: Using BEGIN/END-Footnote-1437217
+Node: I/O And BEGIN/END437323
+Node: BEGINFILE/ENDFILE439636
+Node: Empty442867
+Node: Using Shell Variables443184
+Node: Action Overview445458
+Node: Statements447783
+Node: If Statement449631
+Node: While Statement451126
+Node: Do Statement453154
+Node: For Statement454302
+Node: Switch Statement457557
+Node: Break Statement459998
+Node: Continue Statement462090
+Node: Next Statement463917
+Node: Nextfile Statement466300
+Node: Exit Statement468989
+Node: Built-in Variables471392
+Node: User-modified472525
+Node: Auto-set480292
+Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-1497099
+Ref: Auto-set-Footnote-2497305
+Node: ARGC and ARGV497361
+Node: Pattern Action Summary501574
+Node: Arrays504004
+Node: Array Basics505333
+Node: Array Intro506177
+Ref: figure-array-elements508152
+Ref: Array Intro-Footnote-1510856
+Node: Reference to Elements510984
+Node: Assigning Elements513448
+Node: Array Example513939
+Node: Scanning an Array515698
+Node: Controlling Scanning518720
+Ref: Controlling Scanning-Footnote-1525176
+Node: Numeric Array Subscripts525492
+Node: Uninitialized Subscripts527676
+Node: Delete529295
+Ref: Delete-Footnote-1532047
+Node: Multidimensional532104
+Node: Multiscanning535199
+Node: Arrays of Arrays536790
+Node: Arrays Summary541558
+Node: Functions543651
+Node: Built-in544689
+Node: Calling Built-in545770
+Node: Numeric Functions547766
+Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-1551794
+Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-2552442
+Ref: Numeric Functions-Footnote-3552490
+Node: String Functions552762
+Ref: String Functions-Footnote-1577604
+Ref: String Functions-Footnote-2577732
+Ref: String Functions-Footnote-3577980
+Node: Gory Details578067
+Ref: table-sub-escapes579858
+Ref: table-sub-proposed581377
+Ref: table-posix-sub582740
+Ref: table-gensub-escapes584281
+Ref: Gory Details-Footnote-1585104
+Node: I/O Functions585258
+Ref: table-system-return-values591712
+Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-1593792
+Ref: I/O Functions-Footnote-2593940
+Node: Time Functions594060
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-1604731
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-2604799
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-3604957
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-4605068
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-5605180
+Ref: Time Functions-Footnote-6605407
+Node: Bitwise Functions605673
+Ref: table-bitwise-ops606267
+Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-1612330
+Ref: Bitwise Functions-Footnote-2612503
+Node: Type Functions612694
+Node: I18N Functions616023
+Node: User-defined617674
+Node: Definition Syntax618486
+Ref: Definition Syntax-Footnote-1624180
+Node: Function Example624251
+Ref: Function Example-Footnote-1627173
+Node: Function Calling627195
+Node: Calling A Function627783
+Node: Variable Scope628741
+Node: Pass By Value/Reference631735
+Node: Function Caveats634379
+Ref: Function Caveats-Footnote-1636426
+Node: Return Statement636546
+Node: Dynamic Typing639525
+Node: Indirect Calls640455
+Ref: Indirect Calls-Footnote-1650707
+Node: Functions Summary650835
+Node: Library Functions653540
+Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-1657147
+Ref: Library Functions-Footnote-2657290
+Node: Library Names657461
+Ref: Library Names-Footnote-1661128
+Ref: Library Names-Footnote-2661351
+Node: General Functions661437
+Node: Strtonum Function662619
+Node: Assert Function665641
+Node: Round Function668967
+Node: Cliff Random Function670507
+Node: Ordinal Functions671523
+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-1674586
+Ref: Ordinal Functions-Footnote-2674838
+Node: Join Function675048
+Ref: Join Function-Footnote-1676818
+Node: Getlocaltime Function677018
+Node: Readfile Function680760
+Node: Shell Quoting682737
+Node: Isnumeric Function684165
+Node: Data File Management685553
+Node: Filetrans Function686185
+Node: Rewind Function690281
+Node: File Checking692190
+Ref: File Checking-Footnote-1693524
+Node: Empty Files693725
+Node: Ignoring Assigns695704
+Node: Getopt Function697254
+Ref: Getopt Function-Footnote-1712477
+Node: Passwd Functions712677
+Ref: Passwd Functions-Footnote-1721516
+Node: Group Functions721604
+Ref: Group Functions-Footnote-1729502
+Node: Walking Arrays729709
+Node: Library Functions Summary732717
+Node: Library Exercises734123
+Node: Sample Programs734588
+Node: Running Examples735358
+Node: Clones736086
+Node: Cut Program737310
+Node: Egrep Program747450
+Node: Id Program756451
+Node: Split Program766386
+Ref: Split Program-Footnote-1776279
+Node: Tee Program776452
+Node: Uniq Program779242
+Node: Wc Program786830
+Node: Bytes vs. Characters787217
+Node: Using extensions788765
+Node: wc program789519
+Node: Miscellaneous Programs794384
+Node: Dupword Program795597
+Node: Alarm Program797627
+Node: Translate Program802482
+Ref: Translate Program-Footnote-1807047
+Node: Labels Program807317
+Ref: Labels Program-Footnote-1810668
+Node: Word Sorting810752
+Node: History Sorting814824
+Node: Extract Program817049
+Node: Simple Sed825103
+Node: Igawk Program828177
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-1842508
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-2842710
+Ref: Igawk Program-Footnote-3842832
+Node: Anagram Program842947
+Node: Signature Program846009
+Node: Programs Summary847256
+Node: Programs Exercises848470
+Ref: Programs Exercises-Footnote-1852600
+Node: Advanced Features852686
+Node: Nondecimal Data854753
+Node: Array Sorting856344
+Node: Controlling Array Traversal857044
+Ref: Controlling Array Traversal-Footnote-1865412
+Node: Array Sorting Functions865530
+Ref: Array Sorting Functions-Footnote-1870904
+Node: Two-way I/O871100
+Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-1878826
+Ref: Two-way I/O-Footnote-2879013
+Node: TCP/IP Networking879095
+Node: Profiling882213
+Node: Extension Philosophy891522
+Node: Advanced Features Summary893001
+Node: Internationalization895016
+Node: I18N and L10N896690
+Node: Explaining gettext897377
+Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-1903269
+Ref: Explaining gettext-Footnote-2903454
+Node: Programmer i18n903619
+Ref: Programmer i18n-Footnote-1908568
+Node: Translator i18n908617
+Node: String Extraction909411
+Ref: String Extraction-Footnote-1910543
+Node: Printf Ordering910629
+Ref: Printf Ordering-Footnote-1913415
+Node: I18N Portability913479
+Ref: I18N Portability-Footnote-1915935
+Node: I18N Example915998
+Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-1919273
+Ref: I18N Example-Footnote-2919346
+Node: Gawk I18N919455
+Node: I18N Summary920104
+Node: Debugger921445
+Node: Debugging922445
+Node: Debugging Concepts922886
+Node: Debugging Terms924695
+Node: Awk Debugging927270
+Ref: Awk Debugging-Footnote-1928215
+Node: Sample Debugging Session928347
+Node: Debugger Invocation928881
+Node: Finding The Bug930267
+Node: List of Debugger Commands936741
+Node: Breakpoint Control938074
+Node: Debugger Execution Control941768
+Node: Viewing And Changing Data945130
+Node: Execution Stack948671
+Node: Debugger Info950308
+Node: Miscellaneous Debugger Commands954379
+Node: Readline Support959441
+Node: Limitations960337
+Node: Debugging Summary962891
+Node: Namespaces964170
+Node: Global Namespace965281
+Node: Qualified Names966679
+Node: Default Namespace967678
+Node: Changing The Namespace968419
+Node: Naming Rules970033
+Node: Internal Name Management971881
+Node: Namespace Example972923
+Node: Namespace And Features975485
+Node: Namespace Summary976920
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic978397
+Node: Computer Arithmetic979884
+Ref: table-numeric-ranges983650
+Ref: table-floating-point-ranges984143
+Ref: Computer Arithmetic-Footnote-1984801
+Node: Math Definitions984858
+Ref: table-ieee-formats988174
+Ref: Math Definitions-Footnote-1988777
+Node: MPFR features988882
+Node: FP Math Caution990600
+Ref: FP Math Caution-Footnote-1991672
+Node: Inexactness of computations992041
+Node: Inexact representation993001
+Node: Comparing FP Values994361
+Node: Errors accumulate995602
+Node: Getting Accuracy997035
+Node: Try To Round999745
+Node: Setting precision1000644
+Ref: table-predefined-precision-strings1001341
+Node: Setting the rounding mode1003171
+Ref: table-gawk-rounding-modes1003545
+Ref: Setting the rounding mode-Footnote-11007476
+Node: Arbitrary Precision Integers1007655
+Ref: Arbitrary Precision Integers-Footnote-11010830
+Node: Checking for MPFR1010979
+Node: POSIX Floating Point Problems1012453
+Ref: POSIX Floating Point Problems-Footnote-11016738
+Node: Floating point summary1016776
+Node: Dynamic Extensions1018966
+Node: Extension Intro1020519
+Node: Plugin License1021785
+Node: Extension Mechanism Outline1022582
+Ref: figure-load-extension1023021
+Ref: figure-register-new-function1024586
+Ref: figure-call-new-function1025678
+Node: Extension API Description1027740
+Node: Extension API Functions Introduction1029453
+Ref: table-api-std-headers1031289
+Node: General Data Types1035538
+Ref: General Data Types-Footnote-11044168
+Node: Memory Allocation Functions1044467
+Ref: Memory Allocation Functions-Footnote-11048968
+Node: Constructor Functions1049067
+Node: API Ownership of MPFR and GMP Values1052533
+Node: Registration Functions1053846
+Node: Extension Functions1054546
+Node: Exit Callback Functions1059868
+Node: Extension Version String1061118
+Node: Input Parsers1061781
+Node: Output Wrappers1074502
+Node: Two-way processors1079014
+Node: Printing Messages1081279
+Ref: Printing Messages-Footnote-11082450
+Node: Updating ERRNO1082603
+Node: Requesting Values1083342
+Ref: table-value-types-returned1084079
+Node: Accessing Parameters1085015
+Node: Symbol Table Access1086252
+Node: Symbol table by name1086764
+Ref: Symbol table by name-Footnote-11089789
+Node: Symbol table by cookie1089917
+Ref: Symbol table by cookie-Footnote-11094102
+Node: Cached values1094166
+Ref: Cached values-Footnote-11097702
+Node: Array Manipulation1097855
+Ref: Array Manipulation-Footnote-11098946
+Node: Array Data Types1098983
+Ref: Array Data Types-Footnote-11101641
+Node: Array Functions1101733
+Node: Flattening Arrays1106231
+Node: Creating Arrays1113207
+Node: Redirection API1117974
+Node: Extension API Variables1120807
+Node: Extension Versioning1121518
+Ref: gawk-api-version1121947
+Node: Extension GMP/MPFR Versioning1123678
+Node: Extension API Informational Variables1125306
+Node: Extension API Boilerplate1126379
+Node: Changes from API V11130353
+Node: Finding Extensions1131925
+Node: Extension Example1132484
+Node: Internal File Description1133282
+Node: Internal File Ops1137362
+Ref: Internal File Ops-Footnote-11148712
+Node: Using Internal File Ops1148852
+Ref: Using Internal File Ops-Footnote-11151235
+Node: Extension Samples1151509
+Node: Extension Sample File Functions1153038
+Node: Extension Sample Fnmatch1160687
+Node: Extension Sample Fork1162174
+Node: Extension Sample Inplace1163392
+Node: Extension Sample Ord1167018
+Node: Extension Sample Readdir1167854
+Ref: table-readdir-file-types1168743
+Node: Extension Sample Revout1169810
+Node: Extension Sample Rev2way1170399
+Node: Extension Sample Read write array1171139
+Node: Extension Sample Readfile1173081
+Node: Extension Sample Time1174176
+Node: Extension Sample API Tests1175928
+Node: gawkextlib1176420
+Node: Extension summary1179338
+Node: Extension Exercises1183040
+Node: Language History1184282
+Node: V7/SVR3.11185938
+Node: SVR41188090
+Node: POSIX1189524
+Node: BTL1190905
+Node: POSIX/GNU1191634
+Node: Feature History1197412
+Node: Common Extensions1214587
+Node: Ranges and Locales1215870
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-11220486
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-21220513
+Ref: Ranges and Locales-Footnote-31220748
+Node: Contributors1220971
+Node: History summary1226968
+Node: Installation1228348
+Node: Gawk Distribution1229292
+Node: Getting1229776
+Node: Extracting1230739
+Node: Distribution contents1232377
+Node: Unix Installation1239520
+Node: Quick Installation1240324
+Node: Compiling with MPFR1242800
+Node: Shell Startup Files1243490
+Node: Additional Configuration Options1244579
+Node: Configuration Philosophy1246894
+Node: Compiling from Git1249290
+Node: Building the Documentation1249845
+Node: Non-Unix Installation1251229
+Node: PC Installation1251689
+Node: PC Binary Installation1252527
+Node: PC Compiling1252962
+Node: PC Using1254079
+Node: Cygwin1257632
+Node: MSYS1258856
+Node: VMS Installation1259458
+Node: VMS Compilation1260177
+Ref: VMS Compilation-Footnote-11261406
+Node: VMS Dynamic Extensions1261464
+Node: VMS Installation Details1263149
+Node: VMS Running1265411
+Node: VMS GNV1269690
+Node: Bugs1270404
+Node: Bug definition1271316
+Node: Bug address1274252
+Node: Usenet1277640
+Node: Performance bugs1278829
+Node: Asking for help1281750
+Node: Maintainers1283717
+Node: Other Versions1284911
+Node: Installation summary1292763
+Node: Notes1294127
+Node: Compatibility Mode1294921
+Node: Additions1295703
+Node: Accessing The Source1296628
+Node: Adding Code1298065
+Node: New Ports1304284
+Node: Derived Files1308659
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-11314319
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-21314354
+Ref: Derived Files-Footnote-31314952
+Node: Future Extensions1315066
+Node: Implementation Limitations1315724
+Node: Extension Design1316934
+Node: Old Extension Problems1318078
+Ref: Old Extension Problems-Footnote-11319596
+Node: Extension New Mechanism Goals1319653
+Ref: Extension New Mechanism Goals-Footnote-11323017
+Node: Extension Other Design Decisions1323206
+Node: Extension Future Growth1325319
+Node: Notes summary1325925
+Node: Basic Concepts1327083
+Node: Basic High Level1327764
+Ref: figure-general-flow1328046
+Ref: figure-process-flow1328731
+Ref: Basic High Level-Footnote-11332032
+Node: Basic Data Typing1332217
+Node: Glossary1335545
+Node: Copying1367430
+Node: GNU Free Documentation License1404973
+Node: Index1430093
End Tag Table
diff --git a/doc/gawk.texi b/doc/gawk.texi
index 24d2668..2b0c74c 100644
--- a/doc/gawk.texi
+++ b/doc/gawk.texi
@@ -579,6 +579,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon
them.
* Fields with fixed data:: Field values with fixed-width data.
* Splitting By Content:: Defining Fields By Content
* More CSV:: More on CSV files.
+* FS versus FPAT:: A subtle difference.
* Testing field creation:: Checking how @command{gawk} is
splitting records.
* Multiple Line:: Reading multiline records.
@@ -8444,6 +8445,7 @@ four, and @code{$4} has the value @code{"ddd"}.
@menu
* More CSV:: More on CSV files.
+* FS versus FPAT:: A subtle difference.
@end menu
@c O'Reilly doesn't like it as a note the first thing in the section.
@@ -8653,6 +8655,28 @@ a bed with a blanket that's not quite big enough.
There's always a corner
that isn't covered. We recommend, instead, that you use Manuel Collado's
@uref{http://mcollado.z15.es/xgawk/, @code{CSVMODE} library for
@command{gawk}}.
+@node FS versus FPAT
+@subsection @code{FS} Versus @code{FPAT}: A Subtle Difference
+
+As we discussed earlier, @code{FS} describes the data between fields (``what
fields are not'')
+and @code{FPAT} describes the fields themselves (``what fields are'').
+This leads to a subtle difference in how fields are found when using regexps
as the value
+for @code{FS} or @code{FPAT}.
+
+In order to distinguish one field from another, there must be a non-empty
separator between
+each field. This makes intuitive sense---otherwise one could not distinguish
fields from
+separators.
+
+Thus, regular expression matching as done when splitting fields with @code{FS}
is not
+allowed to match the null string; it must always match at least one character,
in order
+to be able to proceed through the entire record.
+
+On the other hand, regular expression matching with @code{FPAT} can match the
null
+string, and the non-matching intervening characters function as the separators.
+
+This same difference is reflected in how matching is done with the
@code{split()}
+and @code{patsplit()} functions (@pxref{String Functions}).
+
@node Testing field creation
@section Checking How @command{gawk} Is Splitting Records
@@ -19364,6 +19388,16 @@ Nonalphabetic characters are left unchanged. For
example,
@code{toupper("MiXeD cAsE 123")} returns @code{"MIXED CASE 123"}.
@end table
+At first glance, the @code{split()} and @code{patsplit()} functions appear to
be
+mirror images of each other. But there are differences:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item @code{split()} treats its third argument like @code{FS}, with all the
+special rules involved for @code{FS}.
+
+@item Matching of null strings differs. This is discussed in @ref{FS versus
FPAT}.
+@end itemize
+
@cindex sidebar @subentry Matching the Null String
@ifdocbook
@docbook
diff --git a/doc/gawktexi.in b/doc/gawktexi.in
index 7b3c7ce..e3b1bd2 100644
--- a/doc/gawktexi.in
+++ b/doc/gawktexi.in
@@ -574,6 +574,7 @@ particular records in a file and perform operations upon
them.
* Fields with fixed data:: Field values with fixed-width data.
* Splitting By Content:: Defining Fields By Content
* More CSV:: More on CSV files.
+* FS versus FPAT:: A subtle difference.
* Testing field creation:: Checking how @command{gawk} is
splitting records.
* Multiple Line:: Reading multiline records.
@@ -7913,6 +7914,7 @@ four, and @code{$4} has the value @code{"ddd"}.
@menu
* More CSV:: More on CSV files.
+* FS versus FPAT:: A subtle difference.
@end menu
@c O'Reilly doesn't like it as a note the first thing in the section.
@@ -8122,6 +8124,28 @@ a bed with a blanket that's not quite big enough.
There's always a corner
that isn't covered. We recommend, instead, that you use Manuel Collado's
@uref{http://mcollado.z15.es/xgawk/, @code{CSVMODE} library for
@command{gawk}}.
+@node FS versus FPAT
+@subsection @code{FS} Versus @code{FPAT}: A Subtle Difference
+
+As we discussed earlier, @code{FS} describes the data between fields (``what
fields are not'')
+and @code{FPAT} describes the fields themselves (``what fields are'').
+This leads to a subtle difference in how fields are found when using regexps
as the value
+for @code{FS} or @code{FPAT}.
+
+In order to distinguish one field from another, there must be a non-empty
separator between
+each field. This makes intuitive sense---otherwise one could not distinguish
fields from
+separators.
+
+Thus, regular expression matching as done when splitting fields with @code{FS}
is not
+allowed to match the null string; it must always match at least one character,
in order
+to be able to proceed through the entire record.
+
+On the other hand, regular expression matching with @code{FPAT} can match the
null
+string, and the non-matching intervening characters function as the separators.
+
+This same difference is reflected in how matching is done with the
@code{split()}
+and @code{patsplit()} functions (@pxref{String Functions}).
+
@node Testing field creation
@section Checking How @command{gawk} Is Splitting Records
@@ -18505,6 +18529,16 @@ Nonalphabetic characters are left unchanged. For
example,
@code{toupper("MiXeD cAsE 123")} returns @code{"MIXED CASE 123"}.
@end table
+At first glance, the @code{split()} and @code{patsplit()} functions appear to
be
+mirror images of each other. But there are differences:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item @code{split()} treats its third argument like @code{FS}, with all the
+special rules involved for @code{FS}.
+
+@item Matching of null strings differs. This is discussed in @ref{FS versus
FPAT}.
+@end itemize
+
@sidebar Matching the Null String
@cindex matching @subentry null strings
@cindex null strings @subentry matching
http://git.sv.gnu.org/cgit/gawk.git/commit/?id=7ff43db76864b12449ea4fe00c14a6bef4c98596
commit 7ff43db76864b12449ea4fe00c14a6bef4c98596
Author: Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>
Date: Wed Oct 20 19:47:00 2021 +0300
Update pc/Makefile.tst.
diff --git a/pc/ChangeLog b/pc/ChangeLog
index 366f5f0..33b5291 100644
--- a/pc/ChangeLog
+++ b/pc/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+2021-10-20 Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>
+
+ * Makefile.tst: Regenerated.
+
2021-10-13 Arnold D. Robbins <arnold@skeeve.com>
* Makefile.tst: Regenerated.
diff --git a/pc/Makefile.tst b/pc/Makefile.tst
index d099120..4c66285 100644
--- a/pc/Makefile.tst
+++ b/pc/Makefile.tst
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ GAWK_EXT_TESTS = \
printfbad1 printfbad2 printfbad3 printfbad4 printhuge procinfs \
profile0 profile1 profile2 profile3 profile4 profile5 profile6 \
profile7 profile8 profile9 profile10 profile11 profile12 profile13 \
- profile14 profile15 pty1 pty2 rebuf regexsub regnul1 regnul2 \
+ profile14 profile15 profile16 pty1 pty2 rebuf regexsub regnul1 regnul2 \
regx8bit reginttrad reint reint2 rsgetline rsglstdin rsstart1 \
rsstart2 rsstart3 rstest6 sandbox1 shadow shadowbuiltin sortfor \
sortfor2 sortu sourcesplit split_after_fpat splitarg4 strftfld \
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ NEED_POSIX = escapebrace printf0 posix2008sub paramasfunc1
paramasfunc2 muldimpo
# List of tests that need --pretty-print
NEED_PRETTY = nsprof1 nsprof2 \
profile4 profile5 profile8 profile9 profile10 profile11 profile13 \
- profile14 profile15
+ profile14 profile15 profile16
# List of tests that need --re-interval
@@ -3152,6 +3152,11 @@ profile15:
@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk --pretty-print=_$@ >_$@ 2>&1 ||
echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
@-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
+profile16:
+ @echo $@
+ @AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk --pretty-print=_$@ >_$@ 2>&1 ||
echo EXIT CODE: $$? >>_$@
+ @-$(CMP) "$(srcdir)"/$@.ok _$@ && rm -f _$@
+
regexsub:
@echo $@
@AWKPATH="$(srcdir)" $(AWK) -f $@.awk >_$@ 2>&1 || echo EXIT CODE: $$?
>>_$@
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of changes:
doc/ChangeLog | 5 +
doc/gawk.info | 1267 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
doc/gawk.texi | 34 ++
doc/gawktexi.in | 34 ++
pc/ChangeLog | 4 +
pc/Makefile.tst | 9 +-
6 files changed, 737 insertions(+), 616 deletions(-)
hooks/post-receive
--
gawk
| [Prev in Thread] |
Current Thread |
[Next in Thread] |
- [SCM] gawk branch, gawk-5.1-stable, updated. gawk-4.1.0-4333-gb8c16c0,
Arnold Robbins <=