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Changes to grep/manual/grep.txt,v


From: Jim Meyering
Subject: Changes to grep/manual/grep.txt,v
Date: Sun, 27 Sep 2020 23:36:50 -0400 (EDT)

CVSROOT:        /webcvs/grep
Module name:    grep
Changes by:     Jim Meyering <meyering> 20/09/27 23:36:49

Index: grep.txt
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/grep/grep/manual/grep.txt,v
retrieving revision 1.30
retrieving revision 1.31
diff -u -b -r1.30 -r1.31
--- grep.txt    2 Jan 2020 23:18:43 -0000       1.30
+++ grep.txt    28 Sep 2020 03:36:48 -0000      1.31
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
   3.4 Anchoring
   3.5 Back-references and Subexpressions
   3.6 Basic vs Extended Regular Expressions
+  3.7 Character Encoding
+  3.8 Matching Non-ASCII and Non-printable Characters
 4 Usage
 5 Performance
 6 Reporting bugs
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@
 
 ‘grep’ prints lines that contain a match for one or more patterns.
 
-   This manual is for version 3.4 of GNU Grep.
+   This manual is for version 3.5 of GNU Grep.
 
    This manual is for ‘grep’, a pattern matching engine.
 
@@ -498,8 +500,12 @@
      ‘-file1’ and ‘file2’.
 
 ‘--line-buffered’
-     Use line buffering on output.  This can cause a performance
-     penalty.
+     Use line buffering for standard output, regardless of output
+     device.  By default, standard output is line buffered for
+     interactive devices, and is fully buffered otherwise.  With full
+     buffering, the output buffer is flushed when full; with line
+     buffering, the buffer is also flushed after every output line.  The
+     buffer size is system dependent.
 
 ‘-U’
 ‘--binary’
@@ -696,21 +702,8 @@
 ‘LANG’
      These variables specify the locale for the ‘LC_CTYPE’ category,
      which determines the type of characters, e.g., which characters are
-     whitespace.  This category also determines the character encoding,
-     that is, whether text is encoded in UTF-8, ASCII, or some other
-     encoding.  In the ‘C’ or ‘POSIX’ locale, all characters are 
encoded
-     as a single byte and every byte is a valid character.  In
-     more-complex encodings such as UTF-8, a sequence of multiple bytes
-     may be needed to represent a character, and some bytes may be
-     encoding errors that do not contribute to the representation of any
-     character.  POSIX does not specify the behavior of ‘grep’ when
-     patterns or input data contain encoding errors or null characters,
-     so portable scripts should avoid such usage.  As an extension to
-     POSIX, GNU ‘grep’ treats null characters like any other character.
-     However, unless the ‘-a’ (‘--binary-files=text’) option is used,
-     the presence of null characters in input or of encoding errors in
-     output causes GNU ‘grep’ to treat the file as binary and suppress
-     details about matches.  *Note File and Directory Selection::.
+     whitespace.  This category also determines the character encoding.
+     *Note Character Encoding::.
 
 ‘LANGUAGE’
 ‘LC_ALL’
@@ -743,12 +736,10 @@
 ===============
 
 Normally the exit status is 0 if a line is selected, 1 if no lines were
-selected, and 2 if an error occurred.  However, if the ‘-L’ or
-‘--files-without-match’ is used, the exit status is 0 if a file is
-listed, 1 if no files were listed, and 2 if an error occurred.  Also, if
-the ‘-q’ or ‘--quiet’ or ‘--silent’ option is used and a line is
-selected, the exit status is 0 even if an error occurred.  Other ‘grep’
-implementations may exit with status greater than 2 on error.
+selected, and 2 if an error occurred.  However, if the ‘-q’ or 
‘--quiet’
+or ‘--silent’ option is used and a line is selected, the exit status is
+0 even if an error occurred.  Other ‘grep’ implementations may exit with
+status greater than 2 on error.
 
 2.4 ‘grep’ Programs
 ===================
@@ -1051,6 +1042,64 @@
 regular expression.  POSIX allows this behavior as an extension, but
 portable scripts should avoid it.
 
+3.7 Character Encoding
+======================
+
+The ‘LC_CTYPE’ locale specifies the encoding of characters in patterns
+and data, that is, whether text is encoded in UTF-8, ASCII, or some
+other encoding.  *Note Environment Variables::.
+
+   In the ‘C’ or ‘POSIX’ locale, every character is encoded as a single
+byte and every byte is a valid character.  In more-complex encodings
+such as UTF-8, a sequence of multiple bytes may be needed to represent a
+character, and some bytes may be encoding errors that do not contribute
+to the representation of any character.  POSIX does not specify the
+behavior of ‘grep’ when patterns or input data contain encoding errors
+or null characters, so portable scripts should avoid such usage.  As an
+extension to POSIX, GNU ‘grep’ treats null characters like any other
+character.  However, unless the ‘-a’ (‘--binary-files=text’) option is
+used, the presence of null characters in input or of encoding errors in
+output causes GNU ‘grep’ to treat the file as binary and suppress
+details about matches.  *Note File and Directory Selection::.
+
+   Regardless of locale, the 103 characters in the POSIX Portable
+Character Set (a subset of ASCII) are always encoded as a single byte,
+and the 128 ASCII characters have their usual single-byte encodings on
+all but oddball platforms.
+
+3.8 Matching Non-ASCII and Non-printable Characters
+===================================================
+
+In a regular expression, non-ASCII and non-printable characters other
+than newline are not special, and represent themselves.  For example, in
+a locale using UTF-8 the command ‘grep 'Λ ω'’ (where the white space
+between ‘Λ’ and the ‘ω’ is a tab character) searches for ‘Λ’ 
(Unicode
+character U+039B GREEK CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA), followed by a tab (U+0009
+TAB), followed by ‘ω’ (U+03C9 GREEK SMALL LETTER OMEGA).
+
+   Suppose you want to limit your pattern to only printable characters
+(or even only printable ASCII characters) to keep your script readable
+or portable, but you also want to match specific non-ASCII or non-null
+non-printable characters.  If you are using the ‘-P’ (‘--perl-regexp’)
+option, PCREs give you several ways to do this.  Otherwise, if you are
+using Bash, the GNU project’s shell, you can represent these characters
+via ANSI-C quoting.  For example, the Bash commands ‘grep $'Λ\tω'’ and
+‘grep $'\u039B\t\u03C9'’ both search for the same three-character string
+‘Λ ω’ mentioned earlier.  However, because Bash translates ANSI-C
+quoting before ‘grep’ sees the pattern, this technique should not be
+used to match printable ASCII characters; for example, ‘grep $'\u005E'’
+is equivalent to ‘grep '^'’ and matches any line, not just lines
+containing the character ‘^’ (U+005E CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT).
+
+   Since PCREs and ANSI-C quoting are GNU extensions to POSIX, portable
+shell scripts written in ASCII should use other methods to match
+specific non-ASCII characters.  For example, in a UTF-8 locale the
+command ‘grep "$(printf '\316\233\t\317\211\n')"’ is a portable albeit
+hard-to-read alternative to Bash’s ‘grep $'Λ\tω'’.  However, none of
+these techniques will let you put a null character directly into a
+command-line pattern; null characters can appear only in a pattern
+specified via the ‘-f’ (‘--file’) option.
+
 4 Usage
 *******
 
@@ -1177,7 +1226,7 @@
      even from files that appear to be binary, use the ‘-a’ or
      ‘--binary-files=text’ option.  To eliminate the “Binary file
      matches” messages, use the ‘-I’ or 
‘--binary-files=without-match’
-     option.
+     option, or the ‘-s’ or ‘--no-messages’ option.
 
   9. Why doesn’t ‘grep -lv’ print non-matching file names?
 
@@ -1341,10 +1390,11 @@
 at times unclear.  Furthermore, many regular expression implementations
 have back-reference bugs that can cause programs to return incorrect
 answers or even crash, and fixing these bugs has often been
-low-priority—for example, as of 2019 the GNU C library bug database
-contained back-reference bugs 52, 10844, 11053, and 25322, with little
-sign of forthcoming fixes.  Luckily, back-references are rarely useful
-and it should be little trouble to avoid them in practical applications.
+low-priority: for example, as of 2020 the GNU C library bug database
+(https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/) contained back-reference bugs 52,
+10844, 11053, 24269 and 25322, with little sign of forthcoming fixes.
+Luckily, back-references are rarely useful and it should be little
+trouble to avoid them in practical applications.
 
 7 Copying
 *********
@@ -1772,7 +1822,7 @@
      the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
      versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
      differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
-     <https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.
+     <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
      Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
      number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
@@ -1854,477 +1904,480 @@
 * Menu:
 
 * *:                                     Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  826)
+                                                             (line  817)
 * +:                                     Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  829)
-* --:                                    Other Options.      (line  494)
+                                                             (line  820)
+* --:                                    Other Options.      (line  496)
 * --after-context:                       Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  339)
-* --basic-regexp:                        grep Programs.      (line  764)
+                                                             (line  341)
+* --basic-regexp:                        grep Programs.      (line  755)
 * --before-context:                      Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  343)
-* --binary:                              Other Options.      (line  505)
+                                                             (line  345)
+* --binary:                              Other Options.      (line  511)
 * --binary-files:                        File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  389)
+                                                             (line  391)
 * --byte-offset:                         Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  280)
+                                                             (line  282)
 * --color:                               General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  185)
+                                                             (line  187)
 * --colour:                              General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  185)
+                                                             (line  187)
 * --context:                             Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  348)
+                                                             (line  350)
 * --count:                               General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  179)
+                                                             (line  181)
 * --dereference-recursive:               File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  487)
+                                                             (line  489)
 * --devices:                             File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  428)
+                                                             (line  430)
 * --directories:                         File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  439)
+                                                             (line  441)
 * --exclude:                             File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  450)
+                                                             (line  452)
 * --exclude-dir:                         File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  464)
+                                                             (line  466)
 * --exclude-from:                        File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  460)
-* --extended-regexp:                     grep Programs.      (line  769)
-* --file:                                Matching Control.   (line  113)
+                                                             (line  462)
+* --extended-regexp:                     grep Programs.      (line  760)
+* --file:                                Matching Control.   (line  115)
 * --files-with-matches:                  General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  206)
+                                                             (line  208)
 * --files-without-match:                 General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  200)
-* --fixed-strings:                       grep Programs.      (line  774)
+                                                             (line  202)
+* --fixed-strings:                       grep Programs.      (line  765)
 * --group-separator:                     Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  351)
+                                                             (line  353)
 * --group-separator <1>:                 Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  355)
+                                                             (line  357)
 * --help:                                Generic Program Information.
-                                                             (line   91)
-* --ignore-case:                         Matching Control.   (line  122)
+                                                             (line   93)
+* --ignore-case:                         Matching Control.   (line  124)
 * --include:                             File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  474)
+                                                             (line  476)
 * --initial-tab:                         Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  309)
-* --invert-match:                        Matching Control.   (line  147)
+                                                             (line  311)
+* --invert-match:                        Matching Control.   (line  149)
 * --label:                               Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  296)
-* --line-buffered:                       Other Options.      (line  500)
+                                                             (line  298)
+* --line-buffered:                       Other Options.      (line  502)
 * --line-number:                         Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  304)
-* --line-regexp:                         Matching Control.   (line  169)
+                                                             (line  306)
+* --line-regexp:                         Matching Control.   (line  171)
 * --max-count:                           General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  213)
+                                                             (line  215)
 * --no-filename:                         Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  291)
-* --no-ignore-case:                      Matching Control.   (line  140)
+                                                             (line  293)
+* --no-ignore-case:                      Matching Control.   (line  142)
 * --no-messages:                         General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  258)
+                                                             (line  260)
 * --null:                                Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  318)
-* --null-data:                           Other Options.      (line  526)
+                                                             (line  320)
+* --null-data:                           Other Options.      (line  532)
 * --only-matching:                       General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  243)
-* --perl-regexp:                         grep Programs.      (line  779)
+                                                             (line  245)
+* --perl-regexp:                         grep Programs.      (line  770)
 * --quiet:                               General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  251)
+                                                             (line  253)
 * --recursive:                           File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  479)
-* --regexp=PATTERNS:                     Matching Control.   (line  104)
+                                                             (line  481)
+* --regexp=PATTERNS:                     Matching Control.   (line  106)
 * --silent:                              General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  251)
+                                                             (line  253)
 * --text:                                File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  385)
+                                                             (line  387)
 * --version:                             Generic Program Information.
-                                                             (line   96)
+                                                             (line   98)
 * --with-filename:                       Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  286)
-* --word-regexp:                         Matching Control.   (line  152)
+                                                             (line  288)
+* --word-regexp:                         Matching Control.   (line  154)
 * -A:                                    Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  339)
+                                                             (line  341)
 * -a:                                    File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  385)
+                                                             (line  387)
 * -b:                                    Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  280)
+                                                             (line  282)
 * -B:                                    Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  343)
+                                                             (line  345)
 * -c:                                    General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  179)
+                                                             (line  181)
 * -C:                                    Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  348)
+                                                             (line  350)
 * -D:                                    File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  428)
+                                                             (line  430)
 * -d:                                    File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  439)
-* -e:                                    Matching Control.   (line  104)
-* -E:                                    grep Programs.      (line  769)
-* -f:                                    Matching Control.   (line  113)
-* -F:                                    grep Programs.      (line  774)
-* -G:                                    grep Programs.      (line  764)
+                                                             (line  441)
+* -e:                                    Matching Control.   (line  106)
+* -E:                                    grep Programs.      (line  760)
+* -f:                                    Matching Control.   (line  115)
+* -F:                                    grep Programs.      (line  765)
+* -G:                                    grep Programs.      (line  755)
 * -H:                                    Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  286)
+                                                             (line  288)
 * -h:                                    Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  291)
-* -i:                                    Matching Control.   (line  122)
+                                                             (line  293)
+* -i:                                    Matching Control.   (line  124)
 * -L:                                    General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  200)
+                                                             (line  202)
 * -l:                                    General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  206)
+                                                             (line  208)
 * -m:                                    General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  213)
+                                                             (line  215)
 * -n:                                    Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  304)
+                                                             (line  306)
 * -NUM:                                  Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  348)
+                                                             (line  350)
 * -o:                                    General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  243)
-* -P:                                    grep Programs.      (line  779)
+                                                             (line  245)
+* -P:                                    grep Programs.      (line  770)
 * -q:                                    General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  251)
+                                                             (line  253)
 * -r:                                    File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  479)
+                                                             (line  481)
 * -R:                                    File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  487)
+                                                             (line  489)
 * -s:                                    General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  258)
+                                                             (line  260)
 * -T:                                    Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  309)
-* -U:                                    Other Options.      (line  505)
+                                                             (line  311)
+* -U:                                    Other Options.      (line  511)
 * -V:                                    Generic Program Information.
-                                                             (line   96)
-* -v:                                    Matching Control.   (line  147)
-* -w:                                    Matching Control.   (line  152)
-* -x:                                    Matching Control.   (line  169)
-* -y:                                    Matching Control.   (line  122)
+                                                             (line   98)
+* -v:                                    Matching Control.   (line  149)
+* -w:                                    Matching Control.   (line  154)
+* -x:                                    Matching Control.   (line  171)
+* -y:                                    Matching Control.   (line  124)
 * -Z:                                    Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  318)
-* -z:                                    Other Options.      (line  526)
+                                                             (line  320)
+* -z:                                    Other Options.      (line  532)
 * .:                                     Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  816)
+                                                             (line  807)
 * ?:                                     Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  823)
+                                                             (line  814)
 * _N_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_ environment variable: Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  732)
+                                                             (line  725)
 * {,M}:                                  Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  838)
+                                                             (line  829)
 * {N,M}:                                 Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  842)
+                                                             (line  833)
 * {N,}:                                  Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  835)
+                                                             (line  826)
 * {N}:                                   Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  832)
+                                                             (line  823)
 * after context:                         Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  339)
+                                                             (line  341)
 * alnum character class:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  887)
+                                                             (line  878)
 * alpha character class:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  892)
+                                                             (line  883)
 * alphabetic characters:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  892)
+                                                             (line  883)
 * alphanumeric characters:               Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  887)
-* anchoring:                             Anchoring.          (line 1015)
+                                                             (line  878)
+* anchoring:                             Anchoring.          (line 1006)
 * asterisk:                              Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  826)
+                                                             (line  817)
 * back-reference:                        Back-references and Subexpressions.
-                                                             (line 1023)
-* back-references:                       Performance.        (line 1281)
+                                                             (line 1014)
+* back-references:                       Performance.        (line 1330)
 * backslash:                             The Backslash Character and Special 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  982)
-* basic regular expressions:             Basic vs Extended.  (line 1037)
+                                                             (line  973)
+* basic regular expressions:             Basic vs Extended.  (line 1028)
 * before context:                        Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  343)
+                                                             (line  345)
 * binary files:                          File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  385)
+                                                             (line  387)
 * binary files <1>:                      File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  389)
-* binary I/O:                            Other Options.      (line  505)
+                                                             (line  391)
+* binary I/O:                            Other Options.      (line  511)
 * blank character class:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  897)
+                                                             (line  888)
 * blank characters:                      Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  897)
+                                                             (line  888)
 * bn GREP_COLORS capability:             Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  662)
+                                                             (line  668)
 * braces, first argument omitted:        Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  838)
+                                                             (line  829)
 * braces, one argument:                  Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  832)
+                                                             (line  823)
 * braces, second argument omitted:       Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  835)
+                                                             (line  826)
 * braces, two arguments:                 Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  842)
+                                                             (line  833)
 * bracket expression:                    Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  862)
-* Bugs, known:                           Known Bugs.         (line 1332)
-* bugs, reporting:                       Reporting Bugs.     (line 1324)
+                                                             (line  853)
+* Bugs, known:                           Known Bugs.         (line 1381)
+* bugs, reporting:                       Reporting Bugs.     (line 1373)
 * byte offset:                           Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  280)
-* case insensitive search:               Matching Control.   (line  122)
-* case insensitive search <1>:           Performance.        (line 1276)
+                                                             (line  282)
+* case insensitive search:               Matching Control.   (line  124)
+* case insensitive search <1>:           Performance.        (line 1325)
 * changing name of standard input:       Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  296)
+                                                             (line  298)
 * character class:                       Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  862)
+                                                             (line  853)
 * character classes:                     Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  886)
+                                                             (line  877)
+* character encoding:                    Character Encoding. (line 1047)
 * character type:                        Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  689)
+                                                             (line  695)
 * classes of characters:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  886)
+                                                             (line  877)
 * cntrl character class:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  900)
+                                                             (line  891)
 * context lines:                         General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  235)
+                                                             (line  237)
 * context lines <1>:                     Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  330)
+                                                             (line  332)
 * context lines <2>:                     Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  348)
+                                                             (line  350)
 * context lines, after match:            Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  339)
+                                                             (line  341)
 * context lines, before match:           Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  343)
+                                                             (line  345)
 * control characters:                    Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  900)
-* copying:                               Copying.            (line 1351)
+                                                             (line  891)
+* copying:                               Copying.            (line 1401)
 * counting lines:                        General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  179)
+                                                             (line  181)
 * cx GREP_COLORS capability:             Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  613)
+                                                             (line  619)
 * default options environment variable:  Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  573)
+                                                             (line  579)
 * device search:                         File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  428)
+                                                             (line  430)
 * digit character class:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  905)
+                                                             (line  896)
 * digit characters:                      Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  905)
+                                                             (line  896)
 * directory search:                      File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  439)
+                                                             (line  441)
 * dot:                                   Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  816)
+                                                             (line  807)
 * encoding error:                        Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  696)
+                                                             (line  702)
 * environment variables:                 Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  572)
+                                                             (line  578)
 * exclude directories:                   File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  464)
+                                                             (line  466)
 * exclude files:                         File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  450)
+                                                             (line  452)
 * exclude files <1>:                     File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  460)
-* exit status:                           Exit Status.        (line  744)
-* FAQ about grep usage:                  Usage.              (line 1083)
+                                                             (line  462)
+* exit status:                           Exit Status.        (line  737)
+* FAQ about grep usage:                  Usage.              (line 1132)
 * files which don’t match:               General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  200)
+                                                             (line  202)
 * fn GREP_COLORS capability:             Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  652)
+                                                             (line  658)
 * fn GREP_COLORS capability <1>:         Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  667)
+                                                             (line  673)
 * graph character class:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  908)
+                                                             (line  899)
 * graphic characters:                    Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  908)
-* grep programs:                         grep Programs.      (line  755)
+                                                             (line  899)
+* grep programs:                         grep Programs.      (line  746)
 * GREP_COLOR environment variable:       Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  586)
+                                                             (line  592)
 * GREP_COLORS environment variable:      Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  597)
+                                                             (line  603)
 * GREP_OPTIONS environment variable:     Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  573)
+                                                             (line  579)
 * group separator:                       Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  351)
+                                                             (line  353)
 * group separator <1>:                   Context Line Control.
-                                                             (line  355)
+                                                             (line  357)
 * hexadecimal digits:                    Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  932)
+                                                             (line  923)
 * highlight markers:                     Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  586)
+                                                             (line  592)
 * highlight markers <1>:                 Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  597)
+                                                             (line  603)
 * highlight, color, colour:              General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  185)
-* holes in files:                        Performance.        (line 1291)
+                                                             (line  187)
+* holes in files:                        Performance.        (line 1340)
 * include files:                         File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  474)
-* interval specifications:               Basic vs Extended.  (line 1041)
-* invert matching:                       Matching Control.   (line  147)
+                                                             (line  476)
+* interval specifications:               Basic vs Extended.  (line 1032)
+* invert matching:                       Matching Control.   (line  149)
 * LANG environment variable:             Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  537)
+                                                             (line  543)
 * LANG environment variable <1>:         Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  689)
+                                                             (line  695)
 * LANG environment variable <2>:         Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  696)
+                                                             (line  702)
 * LANG environment variable <3>:         Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  718)
+                                                             (line  711)
 * LANGUAGE environment variable:         Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  537)
+                                                             (line  543)
 * LANGUAGE environment variable <1>:     Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  718)
+                                                             (line  711)
 * language of messages:                  Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  718)
+                                                             (line  711)
 * LC_ALL environment variable:           Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  537)
+                                                             (line  543)
 * LC_ALL environment variable <1>:       Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  689)
+                                                             (line  695)
 * LC_ALL environment variable <2>:       Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  696)
+                                                             (line  702)
 * LC_ALL environment variable <3>:       Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  718)
+                                                             (line  711)
 * LC_COLLATE environment variable:       Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  689)
+                                                             (line  695)
 * LC_CTYPE environment variable:         Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  696)
+                                                             (line  702)
 * LC_MESSAGES environment variable:      Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  537)
+                                                             (line  543)
 * LC_MESSAGES environment variable <1>:  Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  718)
-* line buffering:                        Other Options.      (line  500)
+                                                             (line  711)
+* line buffering:                        Other Options.      (line  502)
 * line numbering:                        Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  304)
+                                                             (line  306)
 * ln GREP_COLORS capability:             Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  657)
-* locales:                               Performance.        (line 1269)
+                                                             (line  663)
+* locales:                               Performance.        (line 1318)
 * lower character class:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  911)
+                                                             (line  902)
 * lower-case letters:                    Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  911)
+                                                             (line  902)
 * match expression at most M times:      Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  838)
+                                                             (line  829)
 * match expression at most once:         Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  823)
+                                                             (line  814)
 * match expression from N to M times:    Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  842)
+                                                             (line  833)
 * match expression N or more times:      Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  835)
+                                                             (line  826)
 * match expression N times:              Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  832)
+                                                             (line  823)
 * match expression one or more times:    Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  829)
+                                                             (line  820)
 * match expression zero or more times:   Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  826)
-* match the whole line:                  Matching Control.   (line  169)
-* matching basic regular expressions:    grep Programs.      (line  764)
-* matching extended regular expressions: grep Programs.      (line  769)
-* matching fixed strings:                grep Programs.      (line  774)
+                                                             (line  817)
+* match the whole line:                  Matching Control.   (line  171)
+* matching basic regular expressions:    grep Programs.      (line  755)
+* matching extended regular expressions: grep Programs.      (line  760)
+* matching fixed strings:                grep Programs.      (line  765)
 * matching Perl-compatible regular expressions: grep Programs.
-                                                             (line  779)
-* matching whole words:                  Matching Control.   (line  152)
+                                                             (line  770)
+* matching whole words:                  Matching Control.   (line  154)
 * max-count:                             General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  213)
+                                                             (line  215)
 * mc GREP_COLORS capability:             Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  644)
+                                                             (line  650)
 * message language:                      Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  718)
+                                                             (line  711)
 * ms GREP_COLORS capability:             Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  636)
-* MS-Windows binary I/O:                 Other Options.      (line  505)
+                                                             (line  642)
+* MS-Windows binary I/O:                 Other Options.      (line  511)
 * mt GREP_COLORS capability:             Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  628)
+                                                             (line  634)
 * names of matching files:               General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  206)
+                                                             (line  208)
 * national language support:             Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  689)
+                                                             (line  695)
 * national language support <1>:         Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  718)
+                                                             (line  711)
 * ne GREP_COLORS capability:             Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  674)
+                                                             (line  680)
 * NLS:                                   Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  689)
+                                                             (line  695)
 * no filename prefix:                    Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  291)
+                                                             (line  293)
+* non-ASCII matching:                    Matching Non-ASCII. (line 1072)
+* non-printable matching:                Matching Non-ASCII. (line 1072)
 * null character:                        Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  696)
+                                                             (line  702)
 * numeric characters:                    Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  905)
+                                                             (line  896)
 * only matching:                         General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  243)
-* option delimiter:                      Other Options.      (line  494)
-* patterns from file:                    Matching Control.   (line  113)
-* patterns option:                       Matching Control.   (line  104)
-* performance:                           Performance.        (line 1255)
+                                                             (line  245)
+* option delimiter:                      Other Options.      (line  496)
+* patterns from file:                    Matching Control.   (line  115)
+* patterns option:                       Matching Control.   (line  106)
+* performance:                           Performance.        (line 1304)
 * period:                                Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  816)
+                                                             (line  807)
 * plus sign:                             Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  829)
+                                                             (line  820)
 * POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable:  Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  723)
+                                                             (line  716)
 * print character class:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  915)
-* print non-matching lines:              Matching Control.   (line  147)
+                                                             (line  906)
+* print non-matching lines:              Matching Control.   (line  149)
 * printable characters:                  Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  915)
+                                                             (line  906)
 * punct character class:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  918)
+                                                             (line  909)
 * punctuation characters:                Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  918)
+                                                             (line  909)
 * question mark:                         Fundamental Structure.
-                                                             (line  823)
+                                                             (line  814)
 * quiet, silent:                         General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  251)
+                                                             (line  253)
 * range expression:                      Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  870)
+                                                             (line  861)
 * recursive search:                      File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  479)
+                                                             (line  481)
 * recursive search <1>:                  File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  487)
+                                                             (line  489)
 * regular expressions:                   Regular Expressions.
-                                                             (line  794)
-* return status:                         Exit Status.        (line  744)
+                                                             (line  785)
+* return status:                         Exit Status.        (line  737)
 * rv GREP_COLORS capability:             Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  622)
+                                                             (line  628)
 * searching directory trees:             File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  450)
+                                                             (line  452)
 * searching directory trees <1>:         File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  460)
+                                                             (line  462)
 * searching directory trees <2>:         File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  474)
+                                                             (line  476)
 * searching directory trees <3>:         File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  479)
+                                                             (line  481)
 * searching directory trees <4>:         File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  487)
-* searching for patterns:                Introduction.       (line   49)
+                                                             (line  489)
+* searching for patterns:                Introduction.       (line   51)
 * sl GREP_COLORS capability:             Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  605)
+                                                             (line  611)
 * space character class:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  923)
+                                                             (line  914)
 * space characters:                      Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  923)
+                                                             (line  914)
 * subexpression:                         Back-references and Subexpressions.
-                                                             (line 1023)
+                                                             (line 1014)
 * suppress binary data:                  File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  385)
+                                                             (line  387)
 * suppress error messages:               General Output Control.
-                                                             (line  258)
+                                                             (line  260)
 * symbolic links:                        File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  439)
+                                                             (line  441)
 * symbolic links <1>:                    File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  479)
+                                                             (line  481)
 * symbolic links <2>:                    File and Directory Selection.
-                                                             (line  487)
+                                                             (line  489)
 * tab-aligned content lines:             Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  309)
+                                                             (line  311)
 * translation of message language:       Environment Variables.
-                                                             (line  718)
+                                                             (line  711)
 * upper character class:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  928)
+                                                             (line  919)
 * upper-case letters:                    Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  928)
+                                                             (line  919)
 * usage summary, printing:               Generic Program Information.
-                                                             (line   91)
-* usage, examples:                       Usage.              (line 1056)
-* using grep, Q&A:                       Usage.              (line 1083)
-* variants of grep:                      grep Programs.      (line  755)
+                                                             (line   93)
+* usage, examples:                       Usage.              (line 1105)
+* using grep, Q&A:                       Usage.              (line 1132)
+* variants of grep:                      grep Programs.      (line  746)
 * version, printing:                     Generic Program Information.
-                                                             (line   96)
+                                                             (line   98)
 * whitespace characters:                 Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  923)
+                                                             (line  914)
 * with filename prefix:                  Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  286)
+                                                             (line  288)
 * xdigit character class:                Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  932)
+                                                             (line  923)
 * xdigit class:                          Character Classes and Bracket 
Expressions.
-                                                             (line  932)
+                                                             (line  923)
 * zero-terminated file names:            Output Line Prefix Control.
-                                                             (line  318)
-* zero-terminated lines:                 Other Options.      (line  526)
+                                                             (line  320)
+* zero-terminated lines:                 Other Options.      (line  532)
 



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