[Help] eww doesn't display text properly

[MysteriousSilver]

(Reposting because last message wasn't visible in the archives)

https://i.imgur.com/plLWAiV.png

The right window is `emacs -Q` while the left window is Emacs GUI
launched normally. I am unable to view text properly in eww buffers.

I've tried changing font and theme, but that doesn't seem to help. Here
are the list of enabled minor modes: http://ix.io/2VbP

(emacs -nw works fine)

Any idea what could be causing this? Thanks.
--
Silver