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Gnun user for www translation team |
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Subject: |
[GNUN Error] distros/common-distros.html is not valid HTML |
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Date: |
Sat, 05 Oct 2024 00:30:19 -0400 |
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182:<h2>Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems</h2>
183:<div class="thin"></div>
184:
185:<p>We're often asked why we don't endorse a particular
186:system—usually a popular GNU/Linux distribution. The short
187:answer to that question is that they don't follow
188:the <a href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">free
189:system distribution guidelines</a>. But since it isn't always obvious
190:how a particular distro fails to follow the guidelines, this list
191:gives more information about the problems of certain well-known
192:nonfree system distros.</p>
193:
194:<p>To learn more about the GNU/Linux systems that we do endorse, check
195:out our list of <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">free GNU/Linux
196:distributions</a>.</p>
197:
198:<div id="fsf-licensing" class="note" role="complementary">
199:<p style="font-size: 80%">This page is maintained by the Free Software
200:Foundation's Licensing and Compliance Lab. You can support our efforts by
201:<a href="http://donate.fsf.org";>making a donation</a> to the FSF.
202:<p>
203:You can use our publications to understand how GNU licenses work or help
204:you advocate for free software, but they are not legal advice. The FSF
205:cannot give legal advice. Legal advice is personalized advice from a
206:lawyer who has agreed to work for you. Our answers address general
207:questions and may not apply in your specific legal situation.</p>
208:<p>
209: Have a
210:question not answered here? Check out some of our other <a
211:href="https://www.fsf.org/licensing";>licensing resources</a> or contact the
212:Compliance Lab at <a
href="mailto:licensing@fsf.org";>licensing@fsf.org</a>.</p>
213:</div>
214:
215:
216:
217:
218:<p>Except where noted, all of the distributions listed on this page
219:fail to follow the guidelines in at least two important ways:</p>
220:
221:<ul>
222:<li><p>They do not have a policy of <em>only</em> including free
223:software, and removing nonfree software if it is discovered. Most of
224:them have no clear policy on what software they'll accept or reject at
225:all. The distributions that do have a policy unfortunately aren't
226:strict enough, as explained below.</p></li>
227:<li><p>The kernel that they distribute (in most cases, Linux) includes
228:“blobs”: pieces of object code distributed without source,
229:usually firmware to run some device.</p></li>
230:</ul>
231:
232:<p>Here is a list of some popular nonfree GNU/Linux distributions in
233:alphabetical order, with brief notes about how they fall short. We do
234:not aim for completeness; once we know some reasons we can't endorse a
235:certain distro, we do not keep looking for all the reasons.
236:</p>
237:
238:<p>A distro may have changed since we last updated information about
239:it; if you think one of the problems mentioned here has been
240:corrected, please <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";>let us know</a>.
241:However, we will study and endorse a distro only if its developers ask
242:for our endorsement.</p>
243:
244:<!-- Please keep this list sorted, first with all the GNU systems
245: alphabetically, then all the non-GNU systems alphabetically. -->
246:
247:<h3 id="Arch">Arch GNU/Linux</h3>
248:
249:<p>Arch has no policy against distributing nonfree software through
250:their normal channels, and nonfree blobs are shipped with their kernel,
251:Linux.</p>
252:<!--
253:<p>Instead of this nonfree distribution, use <a
254:href="/distros/free-distros.html#for-pc">Parabola</a> or <a
255:href="https://www.hyperbola.info/?gnu-free-stros-page";>Hyperbola</a>,
256:free distros which are made from it.</p>
257:-->
258:<h3 id="Canaima">Canaima GNU/Linux</h3>
259:
260:<p>Canaima GNU/Linux is a distribution made by Venezuela's government
261:to distribute computers with GNU/Linux. While the overall plan is
262:admirable, Canaima is flawed by the inclusion of nonfree software.</p>
263:
264:<p>Its main menu has an option, “Install nonfree
265:software,” which installs all the nonfree drivers (even the
266:ones that are not necessary). The distro also ships blobs for the
267:kernel, Linux, and invites installing nonfree applications including
268:Flash Player.</p>
269:
270:<h3 id="CentOS">CentOS</h3>
271:
272:<p>We're not aware of problems in CentOS aside from the two usual ones:
273:there's no clear policy about what software can be included,
274:and nonfree blobs are shipped with Linux, the kernel. Of course, with
275:no firm policy in place, there might be other nonfree software
276:included that we missed.</p>
277:
278:<h3 id="Debian">Debian GNU/Linux</h3>
279:
280:<p>Until 2022, Debian GNU/Linux came fairly close to qualifying as a
281:free distro: it was simple to specify that you wanted to install Debian
282:without any nonfree software.</p>
283:
284:<p>Debian's Social Contract states the goal of making Debian entirely
285:free software, and Debian conscientiously keeps nonfree software out
286:of the official Debian system. However, Debian also maintains a
287:repository of nonfree software. It asserts that this software is
288:“not part of the Debian system,” but the repository is
289:hosted on many of the project's main servers, so people are likely to
290:learn from Debian itself about those nonfree packages by browsing
291:Debian's package database and wiki, and then might install them.</p>
292:
293:<p>Until 2022, Debian GNU/Linux did not offer nonfree packages for
294:installation unless the user explicitly enabled use of that
295:repository. Thus, it was easy to make a free installation if you
296:wanted to.</p>
297:
298:<p>That is no longer true, because Debian
299:has <a
href="https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2022/10/msg00001.html";>
300:changed its policy</a>. In Debian 12, initially, the installer
301:offered to install nonfree firmware whenever some hardware devices
302:“needed” that.</p>
303:
304:<p>Since then, there has been another change for the worse. Debian
305:now recommends preferentially a new installer program which, on most
306:computers, installs all the nonfree firmware without even asking.</p>
307:
308:<p>It is no longer easy to install only the free packages of Debian.
309:There are ways to request this, but they require specific knowledge.
310:See <a href="/distros/optionally-free-not-enough.html"> Optionally
311:Free Is Not Enough</a>. In effect, Debian has become more like the
312:other nonfree distros.</p>
313:
314:<p>Debian also has a “contrib” repository; its packages
315:are free, but some of them exist to load separately distributed
316:proprietary programs. This too is not thoroughly separated from the
317:main Debian distribution.</p>
318:
319:<p>In addition, some of the free programs that are officially part of
320:Debian invite the user to install some nonfree programs.
321:Specifically, the Debian versions of Firefox and Chromium suggest
322:nonfree plug-ins to install into them.</p>
323:
324:<p>Debian's wiki also includes pages about installing nonfree
325:firmware.</p>
326:
327:<!-- https://wiki.debian.org/ATIProprietary -->
328:<!--
329:<p>Instead of this nonfree distribution, use one of the free distros
330:which are made from it: <a
331:href="/distros/free-distros.html#for-pc">gNewSense</a>, and <a
332:href="/distros/free-distros.html#for-pc">PureOS</a>.</p>
333:-->
334:<h3 id="Fedora">Fedora</h3>
335:
336:<p>Fedora does have a clear policy about what can be included in the
337:distribution, and it seems to be followed carefully. The policy
338:requires that most software and all fonts be available under a free
339:license, but makes an exception for certain kinds of nonfree firmware.
340:Unfortunately, the decision to allow that firmware in the policy keeps
341:Fedora from meeting the free system distribution guidelines.</p>
342:
343:<h3 id="Gentoo">Gentoo GNU/Linux</h3>
344:
345:<p>Gentoo includes installation recipes for a number of nonfree
346:programs in its primary package system.</p>
347:
348:<h3 id="Mandriva">Mandriva GNU/Linux</h3>
349:
350:<p>Mandriva does have a stated policy about what can be included in the
351:main system. It's based on Fedora's, which means that it also allows
352:certain kinds of nonfree firmware to be included. On top of that, it
353:permits software released under the original Artistic License to be
354:included, even though that's a nonfree license.</p>
355:
356:<p>Mandriva also ships nonfree software through dedicated
357:repositories.</p>
358:
359:<h3 id="Manjaro">Manjaro GNU/Linux</h3>
360:
361:<p>Manjaro includes nonfree software through its normal channels, and ships
362:nonfree blobs with its kernel, Linux. It includes a proprietary office
363:suite and proprietary games with DRM. The distro also recommends the
364:installation of nonfree drivers.</p>
365:
366:<h3 id="Mint">Mint GNU/Linux</h3>
367:
368:<p>Mint does not have a policy against including nonfree software, it
369:includes nonfree binary blobs in drivers packaged with the kernel, and
370:it includes nonfree programs in its repositories. It even includes
371:proprietary codecs.</p>
372:
373:<h3 id="NixOS">NixOS</h3>
374:
375:<p>NixOS doesn't have any policy that completely forbids nonfree
376:software. Instead, it has an option that needs to be activated to
377:install nonfree packages. But even with that option disabled, it still
378:ships nonfree blobs in its main repository, either with Linux (the
379:kernel), or through separate package(s)
380:like <a href="/philosophy/tivoization.html">sof-firmware</a>.</p>
381:
382:<h3 id="openSUSE">openSUSE</h3>
383:
384:<p>openSUSE offers a repository of nonfree software. This is an
385:instance of
386:how <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
387:“open” is weaker than “free”</a>.</p>
388:
389:<h3 id="RedHat">Red Hat GNU/Linux</h3>
390:
391:<p>Red Hat's enterprise distribution primarily follows the same
392:licensing policies as Fedora, with one exception. Thus, we don't
393:endorse it for <a href="#Fedora">the same reasons</a>. In addition to
394:those, Red Hat has no policy against making nonfree software available
395:for the system through supplementary distribution channels.</p>
396:
397:<h3 id="Slackware">Slackware</h3>
398:
399:<p>Slackware has the two usual problems: there's no clear policy about
400:what software can be included, and nonfree blobs are included in
401:Linux, the kernel. It also ships with the nonfree image-viewing
402:program xv. Of course, with no firm policy against them, more nonfree
403:programs could get in at any time. There is an
404:<a href="http://freeslack.net/";>unofficial list</a> of nonfree software
405:in Slackware.</p>
406:
407:<h3 id="SteamOS">SteamOS</h3>
408:
409:<p>SteamOS, a version of GNU/Linux to be distributed by Valve. It
410:contains proprietary software, including the Steam client and
411:proprietary drivers. Steam uses <a
412:href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/what_is_drm_digital_restrictions_management";>Digital
413:Restrictions Management (DRM)</a> to impose restrictions on the
414:software it distributes, as well as on the proprietary software it
415:promotes via the Steam store.</p>
416:
417:<h3 id="SUSE">SUSE GNU/Linux Enterprise</h3>
418:
419:<p>In addition to the usual two problems, several nonfree software
420:programs are available for download from SUSE's official FTP site.</p>
421:
422:<h3 id="Tails">Tails</h3>
423:
424:<p>Tails uses the vanilla version of Linux, which contains nonfree
425:firmware blobs.</p>
426:
427:<h3 id="Ubuntu">Ubuntu GNU/Linux</h3>
428:
429:<p>Ubuntu maintains specific repositories of nonfree software, and
430:Canonical expressly promotes and recommends nonfree software under the
431:Ubuntu name in some of their distribution channels. Ubuntu offers the
432:option to install only free packages, which means it also offers the
433:option to install nonfree packages too. In addition, the version of
434:Linux, the kernel, included in Ubuntu contains firmware blobs.</p>
435:
436:<p>Ubuntu <a
href="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/intellectual-property-policy#your-use-of-ubuntu";>appears
437:to permit commercial redistribution of exact copies with the
438:trademarks</a>; removal of the trademarks is required only for
439:modified versions. That is an acceptable policy for trademarks.
440:However, the same page, further down, makes a vague and ominous
441:statement about “Ubuntu patents,” without giving enough
442:details to show whether that constitutes aggression or not.</p>
443:
444:<p>That page spreads confusion by using the misleading
445:term “<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">intellectual property
446:rights</a>,” which falsely presumes that trademark law and patent law
447:and several other laws belong in one single conceptual framework. Use
448:of that term is harmful, without exception, so after making a
449:reference to someone else's use of the term, we should always reject
450:it. However, that is not a substantive issue about Ubuntu as a
451:GNU/Linux distribution.</p>
452:
453:<p>In addition, Ubuntu is moving more and more packages to a new
454:package manager called Snap, which is not good for users'
455:freedom and autonomy. Snap uses a special kind of repository
456:implemented on Canonical's unreleased software. In practice
457:this makes it very inconvenient to package modified versions of
458:the free programs in Ubuntu such that users of Ubuntu can easily
459:install them.</p>
460:
461:<h2>Some Other Distros</h2>
462:
463:<p>Here we discuss some well-known or significant non-GNU/Linux system
464:distros that do not qualify as free.</p>
465:
466:<h3 id="Android">Android</h3>
467:
468:<p><a href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html">Android</a> as
469:released by Google contains many nonfree parts as well as many free
470:parts. Most of the free parts are covered by a pushover license (not
471:<a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>), so manufacturers that
472:distribute Android in a product sometimes make those parts nonfree as
473:well.</p>
474:
475:<h3 id="BSD">BSD systems</h3>
476:
477:<p>FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD all include instructions for obtaining
478:nonfree programs in their ports system. In addition, their kernels
479:include nonfree firmware blobs.</p>
480:
481:<p>Nonfree firmware programs used with Linux, the kernel, are called
482:“blobs,” and that's how we use the term. In BSD parlance,
483:the term “blob” means something else: a nonfree driver.
484:OpenBSD and perhaps other BSD distributions (called “projects”
by BSD
485:developers) have the policy of not including those. That is the right
486:policy, as regards drivers; but when the developers say these distributions
487:“contain no blobs,” it causes a misunderstanding. They are not
488:talking about firmware blobs.</p>
489:
490:<p>None of those BSD distributions has policies against proprietary
491:binary-only firmware that might be loaded even by free drivers.</p>
492:
493:<h3 id="ChromeOS">Chrome OS</h3>
494:
495:<p>The central part of Chrome OS is the nonfree Chrome browser.
496:It may contain other nonfree software as well.</p>
497:
498:<p>The rest of it is based on <a href="#ChromiumOS">ChromiumOS</a>,
499:so it also has the problems of Chromium OS, plus the nonfree parts of
500:Android.</p>
501:
502:<h3 id="ChromiumOS">Chromium OS</h3>
503:
504:<p>Chromium OS contains proprietary software, including firmware blobs and
505:nonfree user-space binaries to support specific hardware on
506:some computers.</p>
507:
508:<p>In addition, the login system surveils users, as it requires a Google
509:account (Chromium OS does not support local accounts). The
510:“guest” session feature is not a real alternative to
511:logging in with a Google account, because it doesn't allow persistent
512:storage and limits the system's features.</p>
513:
514:<h3 id="e">/e/</h3>
515:
516:<p>/e/ (formerly eelo) is a modified version of Android,
517:which contains nonfree libraries.</p>
518:
519:<div id="GrapheneOS"></div> <!-- Correct spelling - - th_g 2023-12-15 -->
520:<h3 id="GraheneOS">GrapheneOS</h3>
521:
522:<p>GrapheneOS is a version of Android which is described as
523:“open source,” but it seems to include software that
524:<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> isn't
525:free software or even “open source”</a>. For instance, it
526:comes with firmware programs for installation and it appears that at
527:least some of them are binaries without source code. It is said to be
528:“de-Googled,” but includes a way to download and install
529:the nonfree Google Play program.</p>
530:
531:<h3 id="Haiku">Haiku</h3>
532:
533:<p>Haiku includes some software that you're not allowed to modify. It
534:also includes nonfree firmware blobs.</p>
535:
536:<h3 id="LineageOS">LineageOS</h3>
537:
538:<p>LineageOS (formerly CyanogenMod) is a modified version of Android,
539:which contains nonfree libraries. It also explains how to install the
540:nonfree applications that Google distributes with Android.</p>
541:
542:<h3 id="ReactOS">ReactOS</h3>
543:
544:<p>ReactOS is meant as a free binary compatible replacement for
545:Windows. Use with proprietary software and drivers meant for Windows
546:is one of the stated goals of the project.</p>
547:</div>
548:
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672:<p>Copyright © 2009-2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024 Free Software
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